Marjorie Ann M.
Herrera
Subject Teacher
Most Essential Learning
Competency:
Describe what
happens after
magma is formed
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
• Identify the composition of magma;
1
• Discuss how magma is formed; and
2
• Explain what happens after magma is formed.
3
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What is it?
Magma is found beneath
the surface of the Earth,
and evidence of
magmatism has
also been discovered on
other terrestrial planets
and some natural
satellites.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
What is it?
An endogenic process is a geological
process that was formed, originated, and
located below the surface of the earth.
It involves geologic activities such as
tectonic movements, metamorphism,
seismic activities and magmatism.
How is magma formed?
Magma is formed under certain
circumstances in special location deep
in the crust or in the upper mantle.
Magma forms from partial melting of
mantle rocks.
Partial Melting
Rocks undergo partial melting because the
minerals that compose them melt at
different temperature. Partial melting takes place
because rocks are not pure materials. As
temperature rises, some minerals melt and others
remain solid. If the same conditions are
maintained at any given temperature, the same
mixture of solid and melted rock is maintained.
Partial Melting
To visualize the partial melt,
think of how chocolate chip This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
cookies would look if you heated it to the point at
which chocolate chips melted while the main part
of the cookie stayed solid. The chips represent
the partial melt or magma.
([Link]
magma-and-magmaformation/)
Partial Melting
To understand melting, pressure is also
considered. Pressure increases with
depth as a result of the increased weight of
overlying rock. Geologists found out that
as they melted rocks under various pressures,
higher pressure led to higher melting
points.
Decompression melting
Decompression melting takes place within
Earth when a body of rock is held at
approximately the same temperature but the
pressure is reduced. This happens
because the rock is being moved toward the
surface, either at a mantle plume
(a.k.a., hot spot), or in the upwelling part of
a mantle convection cell.
Decompression melting
If a rock that is hot enough which is close
to its melting point is moved toward the
surface, the pressure is reduced, and the
rock can pass to the liquid side of its melting
curve. At this point, partial melting starts to
take place.
How is magma formed?
Decompression melting
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
Flux melting
Flux melting happens if a rock is close to its
melting point and some water or
carbon dioxide is added to the rock, the
melting temperature is reduced and partial
melting starts.
Flux melting
As the magma moves toward the surface,
and especially when it moves from the
mantle into the lower crust, it interacts with
the surrounding rock. This typically
leads to partial melting of the surrounding
rock because most such magmas are hotter
than the melting temperature of a crustal
rock
Flux melting
At very high temperatures (over 1300°C), most
magmas are entirely liquid because there is too
much energy for the atoms to bond together. As
the temperature drops, usually because the
magma is slowly moving upward, things start to
change. Silicon and oxygen combine to form silica
tetrahedra, and then, as cooling continues, the
tetrahedra start to link together to make chains
(polymerize).
Flux melting
These silica chains have the important effect of
making the magma more viscous (less runny), and
magma viscosity has significant implications for
more explosive volcanic eruptions.
As the magma continues to cool, crystals start to
form.
([Link]
magma-and-magma-formation/)
What happens after magma is formed?
Cuarto (2016) described that magma
escaped in two forms: intrusion and
extrusion.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-
What happens after magma is formed?
An intrusion is magma that moves up into a
volcano without erupting. Like a
balloon, this causes the volcano to grow on
the inside. What is meant by the intrusion
of magma is the inclusion of the rock layers
forming the earth's crust (magma does not
get out).
What happens after magma is formed?
What happens after magma is formed?
Plutonism
What happens after magma is formed?
When the process of crystallization takes place
inside the crust, the magmatic rocks produced are
called plutonites, which is another major category
of igneous rock formation. Plutonites are igneous
rock formations that are created when the process
of crystallization and solidification of magma takes
places below the Earth's surface and particularly in
the crust.
What happens after magma is formed?
An extrusion is an eruption of magmatic
materials that causes land formation on
the surface of the Earth. Magma
extrusion causes the formation of
volcanoes when the gas pressure is strong
enough and there are cracks in the
earth's crust.
What happens after magma is formed?
Magma that came out to the surface of
the earth is called the eruption. Magma
that came to the surface of the earth is
called
lava.([Link]
2/volcanism-intrusion-and-extrusion-
[Link])
What happens after magma is formed?
Extrusive
What happens after magma is formed?
Magma can move up because of a high pressure
exerted by magma and gases. In
the lithosphere, magma occupies a bag which is
called magma chamber. The depth
of the magma chamber causes the differences in
the strength of volcanic eruptions.
In general, the deeper the magma chamber, the
stronger the explosion.
What happens after magma is formed?
What happens after magma is formed?
Volcanoes are created and formed when the
energy generated by inductive
currents flowing from the Earth's core
towards the surface hits the upper layers in
the form of pressure and smashes the
overlaying rock formations.
What happens after magma is formed?
The presence of dilated water vapor plays an
important role in the creation of craters by
assisting the flow of magma towards the
surface. This also explains why massive
amounts of water vapor concentration in
magmatic gases with an average value of 80%
are emitted into the atmosphere during
volcanic eruptions.
What happens after magma is formed?
Molten material in the form of lava that
undergoes the process of crystallization
on the natural terrestrial surface gives birth
to rock formations known as volcanites. These
are one of the major categories of igneous
rock formations. Volcanites are composed of
gray, dull pink colored track basaltic lava with
large phenocrysts and pyroclastic.
ACTIVITY TIME!
Part I: Fill in the Blanks.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term or phrase.
1. Magma is formed under certain circumstances in special
locations deep in the _____ or in the upper ______.
2. The process where rocks melt at different temperatures due
to their varying mineral composition is called _________.
3. ____________ occurs when a body of rock is held at
approximately the same temperature but the pressure is
reduced.
4. __________ happens when water or carbon dioxide is added
to a rock that is close to its melting point, reducing the
melting temperature.
Part I: Fill in the Blanks.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term or phrase.
5. As magma cools, silicon and oxygen combine to form
__________, which then link together to make chains,
increasing the magma's _________.
6. Magma that moves up into a volcano without erupting is called
an __________.
7. The process of crystallization taking place inside the Earth's
crust is known as ___________.
8. Magma that comes out to the surface of the Earth is called
_______.
Part I: Fill in the Blanks.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term or phrase.
9. The bag-like structure in the lithosphere where magma is
stored is called a ______________.
10. Rock formations created when lava undergoes crystallization
on the Earth's surface are called ___________.
Part II: Identification
Identify the term being described in each statement.
1. ____________- It involves geologic activities such as
tectonic movements, metamorphism, seismic activities, and
magmatism.
2. ____________- The inclusion of magma into rock layers
forming the Earth's crust without getting out.
3. ____________- Igneous rock formations created when
crystallization and solidification of magma take place below
the Earth's surface.
Part II: Identification
Identify the term being described in each statement.
4. ___________- The eruption of magmatic materials that
causes land formation on the surface of the Earth.
5. ___________- The process of volcano formation caused by
the energy generated by inductive currents flowing from the
Earth's core towards the surface.
6. ___________- The molten rock material found beneath the
surface of the Earth.
Part II: Identification
Identify the term being described in each statement.
7. ____________- The process where magma interacts with
and partially melts the surrounding rock as it moves toward
the surface.
8. ____________- The state of magma at very high
temperatures (over 1300°C) where it is entirely liquid.
9. ____________- The gas that plays an important role in the
creation of craters by assisting the flow of magma towards
the surface.
10. Volcanites: The category of igneous rocks formed when lava
crystallizes on the Earth's surface.
Part III. Identify the terms related to the given geologic
processes using the given illustrations. Write your answer on your
notebook.
Part III. Identify the terms related to the given geologic
processes using the given illustrations. Write your answer on your
notebook.
Part III. Identify the terms related to the given geologic
processes using the given illustrations. Write your answer on your
notebook.
Part III. Identify the terms related to the given geologic
processes using the given illustrations. Write your answer on your
notebook.
Part III. Identify the terms related to the given geologic
processes using the given illustrations. Write your answer on your
notebook.
Part III. Identify the terms related to the given geologic
processes using the given illustrations. Write your answer on your
notebook.
Part III. Identify the terms related to the given geologic
processes using the given illustrations. Write your answer on your
notebook.
Part III. Identify the terms related to the given geologic
processes using the given illustrations. Write your answer on your
notebook.
Part III. Identify the terms related to the given geologic
processes using the given illustrations. Write your answer on your
notebook.
Thank you and Stay
Safe everyone!