Management is an art of getting things done through others.
Management consists of a series of
interrelated & CONTINUOUS functions
that are performed by all managers.
MANAGEMENT IS PURE ART, BOTH ART & SCIENCE & INEXACT SCIENCE
It is a Process to achieve goal effectively and efficiently
(Intangible force)
Characteristics / features of Management
[Link] oriented process
01 2. Continuous process
07 02
3. Group activity
4. Intangible
FEATURES 5. Dynamic
OF 6. Pervasive
06 MANAGEM 7. Multi-dimensional
ENT a) management of work
03 b) management of people
05 04 c) management of operations
Management is a Goal oriented process:-
Management is a goal oriented process.
The aim of the whole management is to achieve the
organisational goal. plans are made to achieve that
goal effectively and efficiently
Sales Target 20%, Market share 80%,
Sales Revenue increased by 20%
NCERT KEY WORDS
Management unites the efforts of different individuals in the organisation towards achieving these goals.
Management is a Continuous process:-
It is a continuous or never ending process. All
the functions of management are performed
continuously. Once the objective is complete
then they plan to achieve another goal
Never ending, not one time task, ongoing process
NCERT KEY WORDS
These functions are simultaneously performed by all managers all the time.
Task of a Manager consists of an ongoing series of functions
Management is a Group activity:-
Management always refers to a group of people.
Group effort is required to achieve the goal. It replace
“I” wit ‘We” all the functions of management can not
be performed by an individual
Replace I with WE
NCERT KEY WORDS
This requires team work and coordination of individual effort in a common direction.
Management is Intangible:-
Management can not be seen but its presence can
be felt .
It is more easy to feel the presence of mis
management as it leads to chaos and confusion.
No chaos, presence can be felt
NCERT KEY WORDS
The effect of management is noticeable in an organization.
where targets are met according to plans, employees are happy and satisfied, and there is orderliness
instead of chaos.
Management is a Dynamic function:-
Management has to make changes in their internal
environment as per external environment. Such as
social, economical, legal, political & technological
environment has great impact on our business
Industry changes Very Fast and the company Adapted
to keep pace with the changing environment.
NCERT KEY WORDS
In order to be successful, an organisation must change itself and its goals according to the needs of the
environment.
Management is pervasive:-
Management is a universal phenomenon.
Management is essential for all types of organisation.
A big or small, Profit or non profit making,
manufacturing or service, school or hospital, play
ground or house, everywhere it requires.
Universal, use by whole world
NCERT KEY WORDS
The activities involved in managing an enterprise are common to all organisations whether economic,
social or political. A petrol pump needs to be managed as much as a hospital or a school
Management is a multi- dimensional:-
a) Management of work:- Management must focus on their work only. work depends upon the nature of
business. Work of a school is provide education and a hospital is to treat patient. So school management
must focus on providing quality education not to treat patient.
i) Planning
ii) Organsing
iii) Controlling
NCERT KEY WORDS (Management of Work)
Management translates this work in terms of goals to be achieved and assigns the means to achieve it.
b) Management of people:- People refers to human resources they are the most important assets of an
organisation. Management must take care of individual employees needs and group needs also. They goal of
an organisation can be achieved only with the support of Human Resources.
a) Staffing
b) Directing
NCERT KEY WORDS (Management of People)
The task of management is to make people work towards achieving the organisation’s goals, by making
their strengths effective and their weaknesses irrelevant.
c) Management of Operation:- It refers to all the activities of operating cycle.
It mixes management of work with management of people. It includes buying of inputs, converting them into
semi-finished goods, finished goods, maintain inventory, etc.
a) Production
b) Sales
c) Purchases
NCERT KEY WORDS (Management of Operations)
Transforming this input into the desired output for consumption
OBJECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT
Nature of controlling
Organisational
objective
Social objective
Personal
objective
Objectives are the end result of an activity.
a) Organisational objective:- These objective related to growth and development of organisation. All the
manager try to reduce the cost and brings maximum profits in the organisation. These are
i) Survival:- It is the basic objective of every organisation that they want to stay in this competitive market
for a long period of time satisfying consumers.
ii) Profits:- Only survival is not sufficient, organisation also wants profits to run business smoothly
generation profits helps businessmen to take risk. Profits are also essential for survival, growth and
expansion
iii) Growth:- Growth means expand their business activities the success of a business is also determined by
growth and development of business.
Organisational Survival – Try to remain in market in cut throat competition by covering cost
objectives Profit – Earning rate
(Key words) Growth – Opening new branch, adding more line of product, increasing scale of
operations, all activities of expansion and diversification.
NCERT KEY WORDS
(Survival)
In order to survive, an organisation must earn enough revenues to cover costs.
(Profits)
Profit provides a vital incentive for the continued successful operation of the enterprise
(Growth)
Growth of a business can be measured in terms of sales volume increase in the number of employees,
the number of products or the increase in capital investment, etc.
b) Social objective:- These objectives area related to the development of human being and society as part
of society a businessman must do the following for society.
i) Supply of quality product at reasonable price
ii) Generation of employment opportunities for weaker section of the society
iii) Using environmental friendly methods of production
iv) Participating in social activity
v) Ethical code of conduct
vi) creating economic value for various constituents of society
Social objectives Any task or activity of organisation which brings benefit to society in general e.g. Save
(Key words) environment, quality product, etc.
ORGANISATION BEHAVES AS A RESPONSIBLE CONSTITUENT OF THE SOCIETY
c) Personal objective:- As we all that employees are the most important assets of an organization so taking
care of employee is an objective these are follow:
i) Competitive salary to fulfill financial needs of the employees
ii) Respect and Peer recognition
iii) Healthy working condition
iv) Personal Growth and development of workers
Personal Any task or activity of organisation for its employee’s welfare e.g. Training of employees,
objectives Competitive salary, opening creche and school for children of employees, etc.
Importance of management
Achieving Achieving Creates a
personal goal Increase Development of
organizational dynamic
and group goal coordination society
goal organization
Successful organisation do not achieve their goals by chance but by following a deliberate
process called management
A successful organisation which is amongst the top companies in India. It has risen to the
top because of its quality of management.
Importance of Management
1) It helps in achieving organizational goal:- The main aim of management is to achieve the organizational goal.
With the help of its functions management tries to achieve its goal efficiently and effectively.
2) Help in achieving personal and group goal:- Managers integrate individual efforts into group efforts with the
help of personal objectives management, each individual gets competitive salary, respect and career
advancement opportunity.
3) Management creates a dynamic organization:- Managers are trying to make changes in internal environment
as per external environment. They motivate employees provide them training so that they can adopt changes
in the environment.
(in an organisation resist change as it often means moving from a familiar, secure environment into a newer
and more challenging one)
4) Increases co-ordination:- Management ensures that different departments and group work in co-ordination
therefore, there is unity of action among employees groups and departments.
5) Management helps in development of society:- Through its social objectives management develops the
society by providing quality products at reasonable price and environment friendly products helps to protect
environment
6) Management helps in Achieving Personal objectives:- Through motivation and leadership the management
helps individuals to develop team spirit, cooperation and commitment to group success.
Nature ofofcontrolling
Nature Management
Science
ART
Use of logics, Use of PROFESSION
objectivity, cause theoretical Specialised
effect relationship knowledge in knowledge, use
personal way, of code of
regular practice, conduct,
Personalised restricted entry
Application and and professional
creativity associations
Management as a Science
Science can be defined as a systematic body of knowledge based on facts. Main features of science are as
follows:
i) Systematic body of knowledge:- In science systematic study material is available which is used to acquire
the knowledge of science. The same features is present in management.
ii) Based on repeated experiment:- Scientific principles are developed by doing multiple experiments.
Management principles are also observed multiple times and human behavior is predicted. So this
features is present in management.
iii) Universal validity:- Scientific principles have universal validity. It means once the principle is developed it is
applicable forever. But management principles are not universal it depends upon the situation types of
people etc so this features of science is not present in management.
NCERT KEY WORDS
Its principles are based on a cause and effect relationship.
Management as an art and a science are therefore not mutually exclusive, but complement each other.
Management as an Art
Art can be defined as systematic body of knowledge which requires creativity and practice to get perfection
Main features of art are as follow.
i) Systematic body of knowledge:- In arts systematic study material is available to acquire theoretical
knowledge. This feature is present in management.
ii) Personalized application:- In arts only theoretical knowledge Is not enough. Every artist must have
personal skills and creativity to apply that knowledge in the same manner management requires
personalized application of management principles on different situation and on different kinds of people
so this feature is also present in management.
(Two dancers, two speakers, two actors, or two writers will always differ in demonstrating their art)
iii) Based on practice and creativity:- An artist has to do regular practice to become perfect. As we all know art
is only interesting when it make some creativity similarly in management it requires practice and creativity so
this features of Art present in management.
NCERT KEY WORDS
All management practices are based on the same set of principles; what distinguishes a successful manager
from a less successful one is the ability to put these principles into practice.
Management as a profession
Profession can be defined as an occupation backed by specialized knowledge and training in which entry is
restricted.
Main feature of profession are as follow:
i) Systematic body of knowledge:- in profession study material is available to acquire specialised knowledge
this feature is also present in management.
ii) Restricted entry:- Without a professional degree no one can enter into profession e.g. a person can practice
CA only when he is having CA qualified degree. But in management any one can be a manager having
proper management skills so this features is not present in management
The entry to a profession is restricted through an examination
iii) Service motive:- Every professional motive is to serve their clients profit is not the primary objective but in
case of management this features is not present.
iv) Presence of professional association:- Every professionals has to get registered with his association before
practicing that profession. e.g. for doctors medical council of india, for lawyers Bar council of India, for CA
ICAI, etc. but this feature is not present in management.
v) Ethical Code of conduct:- All professions are bound by a code of conduct which guides their behaviour.
LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT & THEIR FUNCTIONS
Nature of controlling
TOP
MIDDLE
who control overall LOWER
organisation, Department
Welfare & survival head, unit First line
of organisation and head, division manager,
maintaining image head, plant Connect with
of company, More head, branch actual work
focus on planning, head, region force, safety of
policy making, head. workers
arrange everything
Recruitment
NCERT KEY WORDS
TOP LEVEL MANAGEMENT
#These top level managers are responsible for the welfare and survival of the organisation.
#Their basic task is to integrate diverse elements and coordinate the activities of different departments
according to the overall objectives of the organisation
#They are responsible for all the activities of the business and for its impact on society.
MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGEMENT
Cooperate with other departments for smooth functioning of the organisation
LOWER LEVEL MANAGEMENT
Through their efforts quality of output is maintained, wastage of materials is minimised and safety
standards are maintained..
Functions of Top Level Management
• Top level management decides the objective of the organization
• Top level management formulates plans and policies
• Top level management arrange all the resources such as raw materials, finance and fixed assets
• Top level management is responsible for welfare and survival of the organization
• Top level management connects with government officials and outside the world
• Top level management organizing activities to be performed by persons working at middle level
Functions of Middle Level Management
• Transfer Plan and Policies framed by Top level management to lower level management
• Middle level management involves in Recruitment of employees
• Motivating employees to perform their best ability
• Middle level management co-operate with other departments for smooth functioning of the organization.
Functions of Lower Level/ operational level/ Supersorvisory of Management
• Representing the problems or grievances of workers before the middle level of management
• Maintaining good and healthy working conditions for workers
• Helps to middle level management in Recruitment process
• They are responsible for boosting morale of employees
• Lower level management interact with the actual work force and pass on instruction of middle level
management
Functions of management
Planning Organising Staffing Directing controlling
Difference between effectiveness and efficiency.
Basis Effectiveness Efficiency
Meaning It refers to completion of task on It refers to completion of task on
time minimum cost
Orientation Time oriented Cost oriented
Objective Achieve end result Reducing the cost
Main consideration Doing the right task Doing the task in right way
Note:- An organization must balance between effectiveness and efficiency.
Coordination
Coordination is the integration of the efforts of group members so as to provide unity of
action to achieve organizational goal
It is the process which started at the planning stage itself and is implicit and inherent in all the functions of
management in an organization.
Quality of management / Remove chaos, Overlapping and confusion/ ego satisfaction/ Synchronisation/
Binding force/ Essence of management/ unification, integration of all the activities and department
NCERT NOTES
#Coordination is the force that binds all the other functions of management.
#This provides the requisite amount, quality, timing and sequence of efforts which ensures that planned
objectives are achieved with a minimum of conflict.
#In the absence of coordination there is overlapping and chaos instead of harmony and integration of
activities.
#Coordination, therefore, is not a separate function of management, but its very essence.
COORDINATION IS THE ESSENCE OF MANAGEMENT
A) It is Needed to perform all the functions of management
B) It is required at all the levels
C) Coordination is the most important function of an organisation
i) Coordination is needed to perform all the functions of management:-
To achieve the organizational goal there must be co-ordination in the function of management i.e. planning ,
organizing, staffing, directing, controlling. All the functions of management is interrelated to each other
misconception between any function of management leads to chaos and confusion.
ii) Coordination is required at every level:- Top level management requires to integrate all the activities of
organization. Middle level management is a link pin between top and lower level so it requires co-
coordination to transfer plan and policies to lower level management even lower level management has to
co-ordinate with employees.
iii) Co-ordination is the most important function of an orgnisation without coordination an organization can’t
run successfully for a long period of time all other functions will not work properly in the absence of
coordination
Nature/ features of coordination
1. Coordination integrates group efforts:- These various individuals working at different level of the
organization, coming from different background having different sense of understanding with their
individual goal coordination helps to integrate the group efforts to achievement of organizational goal.
It unifies unrelated or diverse interests into purposeful work activity
2. Coordination ensures unity of action:- It Acts as a Binding force between departments and ensures the
realisation of Common purpose
3. Coordination is a continuous process:- Every individual in the organization must follow the coordination
process continuously then only an organization can successfully run
4. Coordination is a pervasive function:- similar to management coordination is a universal phenomenon it is
required at every level and every function of management coordination is required in profit as well as non profit
organization
5. Coordination is a deliberate function:- Every manager tries to coordinate the activities of organization to
avoid chaos and confusion so manager deliberate perform coordination function
6. Coordination is the responsibility of all managers:- Coordination is the responsibility of every individual in
the organization it is not restricted up to top-level is deliberately performed by each an every employee so that
there is no confusion in achievement of organizational goal.
Importance of coordination
a) Growth in size:- Role of co-ordination increase when size of the organization is large. In large organization
it is very difficult to take all the employees with harmony towards a single direction so co-ordination
requires to bring unity in action.
b) Functional differentiation:- An organization has many department or section performing different
functions all these functions are important for achieving the overall goals of the organization therefore
coordination is essential for integrating the functions
c) Specialization:- In an organization there are various experts at various department and they feel that they
are only the qualified people and they always take right decision if all expert work in their own way it will
result chaos and confusion so coordination is required so that all expert or specialized people moves
towards a common goal without any ego and confusion
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