12/22/23, 11:40 AM Java - Overriding
Java - Overriding
In the previous chapter, we talked about superclasses and subclasses. If a class inherits
a method from its superclass, then there is a chance to override the method provided
that it is not marked final.
The benefit of overriding is: ability to define a behavior that's specific to the subclass
type, which means a subclass can implement a parent class method based on its
requirement.
In object-oriented terms, overriding means to override the functionality of an existing
method.
Example
Let us look at an example.
class Animal {
public void move() {
[Link]("Animals can move");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
public void move() {
[Link]("Dogs can walk and run");
}
}
public class TestDog {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Animal a = new Animal(); // Animal reference and object
Animal b = new Dog(); // Animal reference but Dog object
[Link](); // runs the method in Animal class
[Link](); // runs the method in Dog class
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12/22/23, 11:40 AM Java - Overriding
}
}
Output
Animals can move
Dogs can walk and run
In the above example, you can see that even though b is a type of Animal it runs the
move method in the Dog class. The reason for this is: In compile time, the check is
made on the reference type. However, in the runtime, JVM figures out the object type
and would run the method that belongs to that particular object.
Therefore, in the above example, the program will compile properly since Animal class
has the method move. Then, at the runtime, it runs the method specific for that object.
Consider the following example −
Example
class Animal {
public void move() {
[Link]("Animals can move");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
public void move() {
[Link]("Dogs can walk and run");
}
public void bark() {
[Link]("Dogs can bark");
}
}
public class TestDog {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Animal a = new Animal(); // Animal reference and object
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Animal b = new Dog(); // Animal reference but Dog object
[Link](); // runs the method in Animal class
[Link](); // runs the method in Dog class
[Link]();
}
}
Output
[Link]: error: cannot find symbol
[Link]();
^
symbol: method bark()
location: variable b of type Animal
1 error
This program will throw a compile time error since b's reference type Animal doesn't
have a method by the name of bark.
Rules for Method Overriding
The argument list should be exactly the same as that of the overridden method.
The return type should be the same or a subtype of the return type declared in
the original overridden method in the superclass.
The access level cannot be more restrictive than the overridden method's access
level. For example: If the superclass method is declared public then the
overridding method in the sub class cannot be either private or protected.
Instance methods can be overridden only if they are inherited by the subclass.
A method declared final cannot be overridden.
A method declared static cannot be overridden but can be re-declared.
If a method cannot be inherited, then it cannot be overridden.
A subclass within the same package as the instance's superclass can override
any superclass method that is not declared private or final.
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A subclass in a different package can only override the non-final methods
declared public or protected.
An overriding method can throw any uncheck exceptions, regardless of whether
the overridden method throws exceptions or not. However, the overriding
method should not throw checked exceptions that are new or broader than the
ones declared by the overridden method. The overriding method can throw
narrower or fewer exceptions than the overridden method.
Constructors cannot be overridden.
Using the super Keyword
When invoking a superclass version of an overridden method the super keyword is
used.
Example
class Animal {
public void move() {
[Link]("Animals can move");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
public void move() {
[Link](); // invokes the super class method
[Link]("Dogs can walk and run");
}
}
public class TestDog {
public static void main(String args[]) {
Animal b = new Dog(); // Animal reference but Dog object
[Link](); // runs the method in Dog class
}
}
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Output
Animals can move
Dogs can walk and run
[Link] 5/5