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Notes
Introduction to Definite Integration

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The lecture begins with a greeting and a mention of the Diwali festival.

The lecture transitions to definite integration. The instructor emphasizes the importance of
remembering formulas, though the specific formula is not provided in the transcript. The class is
then prompted to move on to the next concept, which is definite integration.

The lecturer introduces definite integration as a crucial topic, stating that a significant portion of
questions (99%) will originate from this area. While considered an easy topic depending on
perspective, the lecture aims to clarify the concept and its differences from indefinite integration.
The discussion touches upon the limit as a sum, which will be elaborated on later, and the second
fundamental theorem of calculus, highlighting it as a property of definite integration. The lecturer
emphasizes that definite integration results in a specific value.

Integration of Trigonometric Functions: Formula and Setup

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P cos x+q sin x

Notes
The integral of a function in the form a cos x+b sin x can be expressed as: ​

P cos x+q sin x

∫ a cos x+b sin x dx ​ = λx + μ ln ∣a cos x + b sin x∣ + c

where λ and μ are constants to be determined.

To find λ and μ, we set up the following equation:

P cos x + q sin x = λ(a cos x + b sin x) + M (−a sin x + b cos x)

Here, M is used instead of μ to avoid confusion with another variable. The equation represents
the decomposition of the numerator into a linear combination of the denominator and its
derivative.

Expanding the right side, we get:

P cos x + q sin x = (λa + bM ) cos x + (λb − M a) sin x

By comparing the coefficients of cos x and sin x on both sides, we obtain the following system of
equations:

p = λa + bM

q = λb − aM

Solving for Lambda and Mu using Cramer's Rule

To solve for λ and M , we can use Cramer's rule.

Δλ
λ= Δ
​

M= ΔM
Δ
​

First, we find the determinant Δ:

∣a b ∣
Δ= = −a2 − b2
b −a
​ ​ ​ ​

∣ ∣
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Next, we find Δλ by replacing the first column of Δ with the constants p and q :
Notes
​

∣p b ∣
Δλ = = −ap − qb
q −a
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

∣ ∣
Therefore,

−ap−qb
λ= −a2 −b2
​
= ap+qb
a2 +b2
​

∣a p∣
Similarly, we can find ΔM (though it's not explicitly shown in the provided slide): ΔM = =
∣b q∣
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

aq − bp

Therefore, M = aq−bp
−a2 −b2
​ = bp−aq
a2 +b2
​

Final Integration Formula and Coefficient Comparison

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Definite Integration and the Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

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Area Under the Curve vs. Definite Integral: A Sine Function Example
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The Importance of Splitting Intervals for Area Calculation

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Definite Integrals and Area Under the Curve

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Calculating Areas A1 and A2

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Notes
Quiz: Evaluating a Definite Integral
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Definite Integral of sec²(x)

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Solving the Definite Integral

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Calculating tan(π/3) and tan(π/6) and Final Answer

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Definite Integration and Discontinuities

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Evaluating Integrals with the Greatest Integer Function

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Definite Integral of the Greatest Integer Function

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Notes $\int_{1}^{3} [x^3] dx$

Integration of the Greatest Integer Function:
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Integration of the Greatest Integer Function: $\int_{1}^{8} [\sqrt{x}] dx$

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Integration of the Greatest Integer Function: $\int_{1}^{27} [\sqrt[3]{x}] dx$

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Definite Integral with Greatest Integer Function

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Geometrical Meaning of Definite Integration

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Geometrical Interpretation of Definite Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

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Evaluating the Definite Integral of sin⁻¹(sin x)

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Integration using Substitution: Solving $\int \frac{sinx + cosx}{9 + 16sin2x}

dx$ Notes
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Concluding Remarks and Diwali Wishes

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