CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical Framework

2.1.1 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)

Technology Acceptance Model is the most influential, empirically tested, widely used model of

technology acceptance.

It was developed by Davis in the year 1993 and its concept is derived from the Theory of

Reasoned Behavior (TRA) proposed by (Priyanka & Kumar, 2013). The basic concept of TRA is

that, individual behaviors are determined by their intentions to execute those behaviors. These

intentions are in turn influenced by two factors, their attitudes and beliefs about the

consequences of the behavior; that is, what the important people in the life of these individuals

will think about their behaviors. TRA has been successfully used to predict the choices made by

people in diverse situations (Dillon & Morris, 1996).

The purpose of TAM is to predict user acceptance of technology by using two technology related

factors, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Perceived usefulness (U) in TAM is the

extent to which a user believes that the use of a system will enhance his or her performance.

Perceived ease of use (EOU) is the extent to which a user believes that using the system will be

effortless. According to TAM, both U and EOU significantly influence a person’s attitude

towards using the system (A). Behavioral intentions (BI) to use the system is determined by A

and U. One of the main differences between TAM and TRA is that perceived usefulness directly

influences the intention to use a technology. Beliefs do not play any role in the intention to use a

system. Davis et al. (cited in Dillon and Morris, 1996) explained that in a job situation, an
employee’s intention to use a system will be strictly based on the impact of the system on his or

her work performance, irrespective of his or her attitude towards the system. In other words, an

employee may dislike a system but may use it based on perceived increase in his or her job

performance. This study adopts TAM as a theoretical framework because according to Dillon

and Morris (1996), the diffusion theory offers little information on the factors that influence user

acceptance. It rather focuses on characteristics that influence individual decisions in adopting a

technology, such as compatibility and perceived complexity and the strategies used to market the

technology to specific groups and organizations. TAM has been successfully tested on a wide

variety of technologies including information systems computer applications. The TAM theory is

therefore appropriate for investigating the use of electronic resources by undergraduate students.

2.2 Conceptual Framework

2.2.1 Concept of Student Project

Student Project means a study in which a student investigator (individually or as part of a group)

gathers or analyzes information in a systematic manner, primarily for pedagogical purposes. It is

not intended to contribute to generalizable knowledge and is not to be presented outside the class

in which the research is being done or published/disseminated (including publication on the

Internet) in any way, presented, archived, or compiled with similar research for later publishing

or presentation.

According to Haines (2009): Projects are multi-skill activities focusing on topics or themes

rather than on specific language targets. Of crucial importance is the part which the students play

in the initial choice of subject matter and in the decisions related to appropriate working

methods, the project time table and the end product. Because specific language goals are not

prescribed, and because students concentrate their efforts and attention on reaching an agreed
goal, project work provides students with opportunities to recycle known language and skills in a

relatively natural context.”

Similarly for Legutke & Thomas (2001): “It is a theme and task mode of teaching and learning

which results from a joint process of negotiation between all participants. It allows for a wide

scope of self determined action for both the individual and the small group of learners within a

general framework of a plan which defines goals and procedures. Project learning realises a

dynamic balance between a process and a product orientation. Finally, it is experiential and

holistic because it bridges the dualism between body and mind, theory and practice, experience

and thinking.”

In project work, students work together to achieve a common purpose, a concrete outcome (e.g.,

a brochure, a written report, a bulletin board display, a video, an article for a school newspaper,

etc.). Haines (2009) identifies four types of projects: information and research projects, survey

projects, production projects, and performance organisational projects. What these different

types of projects have in common is their emphasis on student involvement, collaboration, and

responsibility.

2.2.2 Concept of Research

Nigerian university students are required to carry out research projects in their final year in the

university. Research project writing is a major pre-requisite for the award of degree in tertiary

institutions in Nigeria. Every student considers research project writing important to his or her

academic success. Research project writing involves a student or group of students carrying out a

study on a topic of interest (Fatoki as cited by Ilo & Ifijeh, 2010). When the project is completed,

it is evaluated by the quality of the work submitted within the stipulated time. It is used to
indicate the student’s ability to select, research, and draw logical conclusions from findings. The

quality of the research project is to a large extent dependent on the quality, quantity, and recency

of resources consulted and cited.

Nipssing University Research Council (2008) defined research as any original and systematic

facts and principles. It comprised the creation of ideas and general knowledge that lead to new

and substantial improved insight and or the development of new materials, devices, product and

processes. It should have the potential to produce results that are sufficiently relevant to increase

knowledge. Student’s research is an active pedagogy emphasizing the process of undergraduate

research and inquiry. Undergraduate research in this style may include ways of promoting

research-teaching linkages by developing student’s appreciation of research in the discipline. It

can also involve using teaching and learning approaches which simulate research processes and

using assignments which involves research or elements of the research process; giving students

first- hand experience of research based consultancy e.g. through live projects, bringing research

data into the curriculum for students to manipulate (Anderson & Priest, 2014).

2.2.3 Concept of Electronic Resources

Electronic information resources simply referred to as electronic resources or e-resources are

information stored in electronic format in computer or computer related facilities (CD-ROMs,

digital libraries or the Internet). Adeleke & Nwalo (2017) defined electronic information

resources as “resources in which information is stored electronically and which are accessible

through electronic systems and networks”. Electronic resources are now used to supplement

printed information sources in the university libraries. Different types of electronic resources that

are used in this study are: e-journals, e-books, online databases, electronic conference

proceedings and CD-ROM databases. Online databases that are commonly used by academic
staff in Nigerian universities for their research are EBSCOHOST, AGORA, HINARI,

MEDLINE, JSTOR and OARE. A number of these e-resources (online databases/digitized local

journals) are accessible via the National Virtual Library ([Link]) which is run

by National Universities Commission.

The AACR2 Rule 9.0A1 refers to electronic resource as a combination of data and programs.

The data include text, images, graphics, maps, music, graphics, moving images etc., and the

programs are the instructions that process the data and make them available for use (AACR2

Rule 9.0A1, cited in Lang, 2008). Electronic resource according to AACR2 (2002) is any

encoded work that can be accessed through the use of the computer. It can be accessed remotely

via computer networks or directly via carriers such as discs, cassettes etc, by inserting them into

a computer or computerized device. The Library of Congress identifies four categories of

electronic resources in a library as:

 “Acquire” electronic resources that are received through licenses or other agreements,

and acquisition processes such as gifts, copyright deposits, exchange, ISSN requests etc.

 “Collect” electronic resources which are permanently owned by the library and for which

the library has permanent ownership

 “Link” electronic resources which are remotely accessed through links from the library’s

web resources, and

 “Archive” electronic resources which are a permanent digital repository managed and

maintained by the library or for the benefit of the library (Library of Congress Collection

Policy, 2008).

Electronic resource is digitized information, facilitated by computers, network connectivity,

electricity, other peripheral components and most importantly human beings.

2.2.4 Research Management Information System

Technological developments have entered the stage of the Industrial Revolution 4.0. This

development cannot be separated from the role of computer systems that work in a practical and

structured manner so that this computer can be used as a support in various aspects. A computer-

based system can provide information faster than manually. It is by Vaidya, Ambad, & Bhosle

(2018):

The term Industry 4.0 stands for the fourth industrial revolution which is defined as a new level

of organization and control over the entire value chain of the life cycle of products; it is geared

towards increasingly individualized customer requirements. Industry 4.0 is still visionary but a

realistic concept which includes Internet of Things, Industrial Internet, Smart Manufacturing and

Cloud based Manufacturing. Industry 4.0 concerns the strict integration of human in the

manufacturing process so as to have continuous improvement and focus on value adding

activities and avoiding wastes. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of Industry

4.0 and understanding of the nine pillars of Industry 4.0 with its applications and identifying the

challenges and issues occurring with implementation the Industry 4.0 and to study the new trends

and streams related to Industry 4.0.

Research is one of the college tridharma (Tridharma PT) that must be carried out by a lecturer. In

research usually produces data that must be stored properly. The data in research will be used as

evidence that a university has carried out research. In addition, this research data is also needed

in filling out the BAN-PT/LAM accreditation forms. The Institute for Research & Community

Service is an institution tasked with managing the track record of research activities and

community service carried out by lecturers. At some universities, the management of research

and community service is managed by the Research Institute and Community Service Institute.
Management of the track record that has been done is computer-based in this case based on

Microsoft Excel and the collection of archives based on the print so that a time the room where

the archive collection will be overloaded and will make it difficult when doing the data search

process. Several academics have studied this kind of research, e.g., Yanuardi & Jananto in 2005,

Nurseto in 2016, Williandy, Fitriawan, & Arum in 2016, and Handayani in 2017. So it is

necessary to develop a research information system that can be utilized by the Research Institute

in managing research data that is not only research data but also in digital output of research.

2.2.5 Search Engines

Internet Search Engine is a software program that searches the Internet (bunch of websites) based on

the words that you designate as search terms (query words). Search engines look through their own

databases of information in order to find what it is that you are looking for. Given the constantly

increasing information overflow of the digital age, the importance of information retrieval tools has

become critical. Web search is one of the most challenging problems of the Internet today, striving to

provide users with search results most relevant to their information needs. Internet Search Engines are

a good example for massively sizedInformationRetrieval Systems.

Internet search engines have evolved through several generations since their inception in 1994,

progressing from simple keyword matching to techniques such as link analysis and relevance

feedback (achieved through refinement questions or accumulated personalization information)

(Sherman 2000).

During the early development of the web, there was a list of web servers edited by Tim Berners - Lee

and hosted on the CERN web server. As more webservers went online the central list could not keep

up. The first tool used for searching on the Internet was called Archie. The name stands for "archive"

omitting the "v". It was created in 1990 by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelanand J. Peter Deutsch, Computer
Science students at McGill University in Montreal. The program downloaded the directory listings

of all the files located on public anonymous FTP (File Transfer Protocol) sites, creating a

searchable database of file names; however, Archie did not index the contents of these sites since the

amount of data was so limited it could be readily searched manually.

In June 1993, Matthew Gray, then at MIT produced what was probably the first web robot, the Perl

based World Wide Web Wanderer, and used it to generate an index called 'Wandex'. The purpose of

the Wanderer was to measure the size of the World Wide Web, which it did until late 1995. The web's

second search engine Aliweb appeared in November 1993. Aliweb did not use a web robot, but instead

depended on being notified by website administrators of the existence at each site of an index file in a

particular format. In December 1993Jump-Station was released, it was a web robot used to find web

pages and to build its index, and used a web formas theinterface to its query program. It was thus the

first W3 resource discovery tool to combine the three essential features of a web search engine

(crawling, indexing, andsearching).Becauseofthelimitedresources available on the platform on which it

ran it’s indexing. Hence searching were limited to the titles and headings found in the web pages the

crawlerencountered.

One of the first "full text" crawler based search engines was WebCrawler, which came out in 1994.

Unlike its predecessors, it let users search for any word in any webpage, which has become thestandard

for all major search engines since. It was also the firstone to be widely known by the public. Soon

after, many search engines appeared and vied for popularity.

Through the years from the days of Archie till this present time of MSN, Google,Yahoo and others,

search engine have improve to a better standard as the technology improves globally.

Search Engines are one of the most important and the strongest technologies are of web

environment. The Search Engines are the sites which search the keywords in the web sites and
return the most related information to the words searches in the results pages K.S.V. Omprakash,

(2011). They also make the ranking according to the value of the web sites content and

optimization of the Search Engines. Ranking of the web sites is a system which is done first by

the most famous search engine of the world, Google V.K. Gunjan, Pooja, M. Kumari, A. Kumar,

A.A. Rao,(2012). In ranking system the siteswhich are more efficient are shown in the first pages

of the search results pages. The operation of the Search Engines for presenting the search results

and ranking in SERPs contain the followings K.B. Jones,(2008):

Spider: It is software which collects the information needed for a search engine. This software

identifies all the links of the web sites and reviews all the inked web sites and collects the

information needed and give them to the other sections of the search engine, S. Jain, A. Jain, D.

Juneja, S. Sharma, S. Sharma,(2011). This software reviews different pages and mines the

HTML codes and collects the keywords in the codes. Spider is also used to refer to different web

sites and study the activeness of the links or maybe they could search the e mail addresses.

Google uses spider to collect the information from different web pages.

Crawler: Crawler is software which commands the spider which links to search. In fact crawler

decides which links of web sites to be mined by the spider. So, it is possible to mine all or some

of the links or maybe none of them. Crawler may give a specific site address to the spider to

make it mine that specific site. Also mining the links of the web sites depends on that how much

the search engine is able to store information in its database, and also it is possible that the

Search Engines limit the access to some web sites.

Indexer: All information gathered by the spider is given to the indexer. In this section the sent

information are analyzed and divided into different section, S. Gupta, A. Aggarwal(2012).
Analyzing means identification of the send point of the information, repetition of the keywords

in the web sites contents and the placement of the keywords in the web sites. So, indexer gathers

the information in the web sites and mines the web site page by page and creates a graph of the

information.

Database: All of the analyzed information in the indexer is sent to the database. In this part the

data are grouped, encrypted and stored, S. Gupta, A. Aggarwal,(2012). The data are compressed

before being stored to fill lower space. A search engine must have a wide database and must

develop its volume continuously and it also must be able to update the information. These two

specifications make the search engine become more favorite. One of the main differences

between Search Engines are in the database size and the method of storing data in the database.

Ranking: In Search Engines, the user inserts the word in the search box and the related

information is shown. To reply the command of the users, first all of the web sites of the

database which are related to the subject are shown. And then ranking system starts operating

and sorts the web sites from the lowest relation to the most related one and the results are

returned to the user. In fact, ranking system is a search engine and the main difference of the

Search Engines lay in this part, K. Curran,(2004).

2.2.6 Types of Internet Search Engines

The web has changed the way we inform and get informed. Every organization has a web site and

people are increasingly comfortable accessing it for information on any question they may have. The

exploding size of the web necessitated the development of search engines and web directories. There

are four types of search engines as ascertained by (Williams &Sawyer,2003).

Computer-created search sites: These are search engines thatcreatetheirlistings automatically from

web pages with the help of Computer robotscalled spider, crawler, worm, wanderer, gatherer etc. This

robotsfollow links on Web sites, gathering data forsearchengine indexes. They are considered robots

rather than programs because they are somewhat independent (no programmer has told them what

pages to find). Its results are not organized by subjectcategories; a computer algorithm ranks all pages.

This type of search engines often retrieve a lo t of information and have a bulky data base. They

contain full text of the Web pages they link to so one can find pages by matching words to get the

desired information material. Example of such site areNorthern Light, Excite, and Fast Search etc.

Human Powered Directories: These are search engines that build or create their listingand indexes

by the help of human intervention. They are also called directory and are organized into broad

subject categories. They are smaller than most search engines thereby tend to work best when you want

to browse a relatively broad subject. The goal is to provide users with a limited number of relevant

results, as opposed to computer created search engines that often return a large number of results that

may or may not be relevant, human can judge data for relevance and categorize them in ways that are

useful to you. Many of these sitehire people who are subject-area specialist to organize their database.

An example of such search sites are Yahoo directory, Open directory, [Link].

Hybrid Search Engine: A hybrid search engine differs from robot oriented search engine, it generally

use human supplemented by computer [Link] through the crack, in

which each program operates by comparing a set of data. The primary corpus being the data derived

from a Webcrawleror taxonomic analysis of all internet text which is closely supervised by subject

experts, and a user search query. In contrast, hybrid search engine may use these two bodies of data

in addition to one or more sets of metadata that can, for example, include situational metadata derived
from the client's network thatwould model the context awareness of the client. An example of such

is AOL Search, Alta Vista, MSN Search, Googleetc.

Meta-Search Sites: Meta-search sites send your query to several other different search tools and

compile the results so as to present the broadest view. Example ofsuch search are the big hub, C4

total search, profusion, mammaetc.

2.2.7 Purposes of Using Internet Search Engines

The importance of information is increasing in the information age that we are living in with the

internet becoming the major information resource for people with rapidly increasing number of

documents. This situation makes finding information on the internet a difficult task given the constantly

increasing information overflow of the digital age, the importance of informationretrieval has become

crucial. The striving of getting search results most relevant to the information needs of students and

information retrievals (IR) is one of the most challengingproblemsof the internettoday.

IR has traditionally been the domain of librarians and information professionals. Thus, for generations

card catalogue was a familiar sight to library users; but the card catalogue has been effectively replaced

by online public access catalogue (OPAC) by many libraries.

Charles Ammi Cutter made the first explicit statement regarding the objectives of a bibliographic

system in his rules for a printed dictionary catalogue in 1876. According to Cutter, these objectives

were:

 To enable a person to find a book of which either the author, the title, or the subject is

known (identifyingobjective)

 To show what the library has by a given author on a given subject and in a given kind of

literature (collocatingobjective)
  To assist in the choice of a book (evaluating objective), as to its edition

bibliographically and as to its character (topical orliterary)

However with the exploding rate at which information is increasing on the web makes it impossible

for information to be easily retrieved on the W3 without the help of search engines. The use of web

search engines has become an essential part of the ordinary life. The tremendous role they have for

internet users can’t beunderestimated.

Today, the W3 data is enormous and is rapidly changing and growing, itcannot be confined in the

rigid structure of the [Link] format of the information is extremely varied and the individualbits of

data coming from blogs, articles, webservices of all kinds, picture galleries, and so on form an

infinitely complex virtual organism. In this environment, finding information easily necessitates

something more than the traditional structures of data organization or classification. Nearly 70% of

Web searchers uses search engines as their point of entry, the major search engines receive millions of

queries per day and present billions of results per week in response to these queries (Sullivan,2006).

Web search engines have developed into widely used services and essential tools for findingWeb based

information. Although users typically follow unsophisticated information seeking patterns, they appear

to be satisfied with the performance of searchengines.

Belkin (1993) states that one can classify searching episodes in terms of

 Goal of the interaction,

 Method of interaction,

 Mode of retrieval and

 Type of resource interacted with during thesearch.

This classification was originally done for earlier forms of searching such as librarysystems. However,
web searching also possessesthesefouraspects showing continuity with earlier forms of searching.

The user enters a query, retrieves results, scans results, views results and refines the query as needed.

The mode of retrieval is in a hypermedia environment butotherwiseremainssimilar to that of earlier

searchsystems.

Search engines provides the best navigational tools on the W3, Barron’s Marketing Dictionary

(2012) describes a search engine as a computer program that has the capability ofsearching through

large volumes of text or other data for specified key words and then retuning a list of files or

documents where the key words were found. It also stated that search engines help user strack down

online information on a wide variety of topics and are valuable online sources of secondary data. In

addition, Gale Encyclopedia of Small Business (2012) asserts that search engines are online

services that allow users to scan the contents of the internet to find websites or specific information of

interest of the users. It explains that when a user inputs a search term, the search engines attempts to

match the term to categories or keywords in its cataloguesor W3 sites,the search engine then

generates a list of sites that match the searchcriteria, ranking in order of relevance. Moreover,

Kimmon(2012) defines a search engine asa websitethatconnectsand organize contents from all over the

internet. He explained further thatthose wishing tolocate something would enter a query about what they

like to find and the engineprovideslinksto content that matches what they want. In the light of

thesedefinitions, search engines can be described as users assistant to find and retrieve information.

Like any other assistant, the degree to which they are able to help depends on the degree to which the

users are able to tell them what they want. Therefore, communicating with search engines is a critical

part of the web searchprocess.

One of the main components of search engine is a robot which is called a Web Crawler (or Spider)

and it works as a network surfer. A crawler is a program that downloads and stores searched Web
pages, often for a Web search engine. Web crawler is a kind of computer program that browses the

Web in a methodical and automated way which is called Web Crawling. Search engines use Crawling

to provide up to date information for its data base. The most important aim of web crawler is

copying and saving all visited web pages to make the next web search faster. Web crawlers can

also be used for automating maintenance task on a web site like checking links or validating code.

Web crawlers are also used to collect specific information from Webpages

(Batzioset al., 2007). A crawler starts off by placing an initial set of URLs, in a queue, where all

URLs to be retrieved are kept and prioritized. From this queue, the crawler removes URL (in some

order), downloads the page, extracts any URLs in the downloaded page, and adds the new URLs

to the queue. This process is often been repeated. Collected pages are indexed, cached and stored for

further processing by Web search engines. Most crawlers abide by the Robots Exclusion Principle in

other for the web pages to protect files prohibited to therobots.

Some search engines use more than one web crawler for different purposes but not all web crawlers

are information seekers, Web crawler may also work as link checker, pagechangemonitor, validator,

file transfer protocol client or webbrowser.

2.2.8 Concept of Management Information System

Defining management information systems would first require splitting the subject into three

facets of: Management, Information and Systems respectively. Management can be defined as

the process through which planning, organizing, initiating and controlling of operations within

business is carried out. Due to the relevance importance attached to record keeping, many

organizations have invested in keeping records using various means. Earlier, manual system is

used for collecting, processing and storing the data and information. Today organizations store

huge amount of information especially for multinational companies. In some cases, organizations
store information for more than one million customers, hence; the legacy system is no longer

feasible. As a result of the internet and technological revolution, information systems (IS) have

become very important in all fields, especially in the field of management. For the last twenty

years, different kinds of information systems were developed for different purposes, depending

on the need of the business. Each plays a different role in organizational hierarchy and

management operations AlMamary, Shamsuddin and Aziati (2014). According to AlMamary,

Shamsuddin and Aziati (2014) Management information system is one of the most important

tools in any organization, which aims to provide reliable, complete, accessible, and

understandable information in a timely manner to the users of the system. Management

information systems one of the most important achievements in the area of administrative work,

which aims to provide reliable, accurate, relevant and complete information to managers toward

enhancing of organizational performance in organizations. Management information system

serves the management level of the organization, providing managers with reports or with on-

line access to the organization's current performance and historical records. Typically, they are

oriented almost exclusively to internal, not environmental or external events. Management

information system primarily serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making

at the management level. Management Information Systems are distinct from regular information

systems in that they are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational

activities in the organization Munirat, Sanni and Kazeem (2014).

2.2.9 The Concept of Computer Systems

The introduction of computer into information technology has massively improved the

information needs of organization. The success of this machine is dependent on the knowledge

base. Therefore, one can be prompted to ask aloud “what is a computer?” Funk (2010), defined a
computer as an electronic device that can perform automatically and at a high speed, a sequence

of logical operations according to instructions given to it in form of a pre-arranged program.

Anigbogu (2000) defined a computer as an electronic device capable of accepting data and

instructions, processing the data based on the instructions to generate results or output in such a

manner that is yet to be equaled by any other known machine to mankind. Chimezie (2009)

stated that “Computers are looked upon as obedient servants who are ever ready to free man

from tedious procedures and produce results as compared with human computing time”.

Obilikwu (2005) described computer as a machine that is capable of accepting input data, store

and process the data based on instructions given by the computer user and in this way produce

expected results, generally called output. These definitions of computer would lead us to answer

the question “what is a program?”

In his definition Obilikwu (2005), defined a program as a sequence of instructions given to the

computer to perform a specific operation. From Encarta Encyclopedia, computer program is a

set of instructions that directs a computer to perform some processing function or combination of

functions. The above definitions of computer clearly demonstrate the limitless area of operations

of computer in as much as such task is programmable. Computer is applicable in virtually all

areas of human endeavor ranging from Agriculture, Education, Business, Sports, Entertainment,

Medicine, Construction and Military etc.

French (2002), in his book titled” computer Science” fourth edition, he relates the relevance of

computer to management and stated that “a company needs information in which to base

decisions concerning the current operations and future plans. It requires the information to be

timely and accurate”. He then cited the example of the use of computer in the area of

management control to production and stated “production must be able to respond quickly to
changes in demand and other circumstances. To do so requires the provision of up to date

information this is accurate and timely”. Aluko (2001), stated that “in virtually any job whether

clerical, technical, business, or professional; whether it is a banking, medicine, education etc.

Computers are useful tools” and that “computers are tools with which we calculate, measure,

assess, store, retrieve, regulate and monitor information”. Hence, the blood and life – wire of

any system is information. A typical system (Education, Management etc.) cannot survive

without good management information system (MIS). Management information system (MIS)

are information systems, typically computer- based, that are used within an organization. The

concept of management information system is a complex variable although Murdick (2001),

simplified it when he said “there is probably no more challenging and diversified subject than

management theory, system theory and computer science”. Admission processing system, result

processing system, course registration system is typical information processing system or

organizational information system on candidates’ admission and performances.

World Net describes an information system (I.S) as “a system consisting of the network of all

communication channels used within an organization, and includes software and hardware”. It

may also be defined as “a system that collects and processes data (information) and provides it to

managers at all levels that use it for decision making, planning, program implementation and

control. The aim of information system to admission, registration and result processing in

polytechnics is improving the quality and accuracy of information provided to all involved as

well as assisting polytechnics in compiling and reporting information.

The information system (IS) has common data set on admission, admittance regulations of

different polytechnics and admission procedures. Computerization is a social process for

providing access to and support for computer equipment to be used in activities such as teaching,
accounting, writing, designing, circuits, file processing etc. Computerization entails social

choices about the levels of appropriate investment and control over equipment and expertise, as

well as choices of equipment.

Kling (1991), by the early 1990s, computing and telecommunications accounted for half of the

capital investments made by private firms. However, paper Feigenbaum (2000) and McCorduck

(2013) and Yourdon (1986) stated that the most fervent advocates of computerization have

argued that the actual pace of computerization in schools, factories and homes is too slow.

Taylor (2000), classified computer-based education as to include both computer-assisted

instruction programs that interact with students in a dialogue and a broader array of educational

computer applications such as simulations or instruction in computer programming. There is

major national push for extended application of computer-based education at educational levels.

For example, in the mid-1980s private several colleges and Polytechnics required all their fresh

students to buy a specific kind of Micro-computers and others invested heavily in visions of

“wired Campus”.

Kling (2013) asserts that computer-based education has been promoted with two different

underlying ideologies in all levels of education. Some educators argue that computer- based

instructional approaches can help fulfill the traditional values of progressive education: the

simulation of intellectual curiosity, initiative, and democratic experiences. For examples, (2014)

has argued that computerized polytechnics are qualitatively different than traditional

polytechnics: College students with micro computers in their dorm rooms will stimulate them to

learn because they will have easy access to instructional materials and more interesting problems

to solve. Papert (2009), argues that in a new computer – based school students will no longer

simply be taught mathematics. These visions portray an enchanted social order transformed by
advanced computing technologies. Other advocates are a bit less romantic, but not less

enthusiastic.

For example Cole (2012), states that because of the insatiable desire of students for more and

more information at a higher level of complexity and more sophisticated level of utilization,

more effective means of communication must be used so that Computers can provide a unique

vehicle for this transmission”. Hence, it is important to note that computer- based education

goes a long way in helping the students as well as the staff to effectively make use of the

computerized course registration system. It also helps in convincing the stakeholders of the

importance and need for adopting the computerized admission, registration and result processing

system as it provides effective and accurate handling of student’s files.

Therefore, a computerized course registration system is usually a system, which is implemented

with a computer to achieve the utmost efficiency and desired goals. In well developed countries,

where education systems are computerized; course registration system should be and/or is one of

the modules contained in the college portal. A “College Portal” therefore is personalized

software that captures the entire education business process and makes all operations accessible

via the web, thus allowing schools to effectively serve all stakeholders, students, lecturers,

administrators and parents. It provides many functionalities including Admissions, Registration,

Financial Services (transactions- processing), Exams & Records, Grading, Staff Management,

Facility Management, Student self-care (My school), Alumni Records, Library and College shop,

etc. and supports workflow and Messaging and provides other collaboration tools and advanced

reporting engines.

Russell, M. (1987), dealt extensively on the need for the use of computers on such database

system like computerized course registration system. In the words of Dimorji (2003), at the
center of any information system is a database, which is any collection of related information

grouped together as a simple item. The term can also be applied to the ways in which

information in catalog is used, analyzed, stored and used manually. Russell was also of the view

that without a computer, effective handling of Candidates’ records cannot be achieved

effectively. According to him, “The oxford University has more than ninety- six thousand

student’s records. No person would precisely remember the details of these records”. The

computer is the most possible application to retain an unlimited number of records with the

utmost current updating possibilities. This is true as can be seen as posited by Eloba (2002),

Computer in school record keeping, Technical Education Today, Vol. 3 No 182. “That at a

department with over a thousand candidates, with the use of computer, all qualified for

admission, only 100 candidates needed to be chosen. With the ranking of the scores or grades of

the candidates, the management is in position to choose the best candidates with the best results

with ease and on time” with the use of computer. Again, many computerized systems have

become more than tools-they are environments that people sometimes find hard to change and so

on. Kling and Suzanne (2008), argue that we have much to learn about future uses and

consequences of computerization by carefully examining past and present experiences. Knowing

full well how the Polytechnics program is being run (manually), studying the past and present

experiences, energize the idea of computerization of the board or the program.

Also, Kling, (2014) illustrates that systems being computerized offers exciting possibilities of

manipulating large amount of information rapidly with little effort to enhance control, to create

insights, to search for information, and to facilitate cooperative work between people.

2.3 Review of Empirical Studies

Empirical studies have been conducted within and outside Nigeria on the availability,
accessibility and use of electronic information resources by students for research. Among the

reviewed studies which are relevant to this present research are as follows:

Based on Merriam-Webster launched a free, ad-supported iPhone dictionary app in mid-

December. The dictionary app can pronounce words by pressing the speaker icon in the red

button but did you know that you can speak a word for it to search for too. Additional features

include a Word of the Day, reader view, recent look-up history, synonyms, antonyms, and also

features example sentences and audio pronunciations. (Herbert,2011).

We have pointed out that adding or modifying phonetic variants. We gave the outline of a data-

driven algorithm for Dictionary Learning which enables us to automatically generate new entries

to a phonetic dictionary in a way that all entries are consistent with the underlying phonetic

modeling. Our experiments showed that our Dictionary Learning algorithm for adapting and

adding phonetic transcriptions to existing dictionaries improves the overall recognition

performance of the speech recognizer significantly. (Sloboda & Waibel, 1996).

On the study conducted by Justin Burdick (2004) entitled “Building a Regionally Inclusive

Dictionary for Speech Recognition”. Said that since people speak in many different ways, it is

expected that having a large dictionary, inclusive of all pronunciation and dialectic differences,

would be a valuable aid to recognition. This study revealed thatthe method of skimming both

effectively increases recognition accuracy and results in a 33% reduction in the time required for

speech recognition tasks by hand is an error prone and labor intensive procedure. (Burdick,

2004)

From the book of Muhirwe Jackson entitled “Automatic Speech Recognition: Human Computer

Interface for Kinyarwanda Language” in August 2005. The Kinyarwanda language automatic

speech recognition recipe accompanying this report can be used by any researchers desiring to
join language processing research. The project is however not all conclusive as it has catered for

only a voice operated phone dialing system. As much as it has created a basis for research, this

project can be expanded to cater for more extensive language models and larger vocabularies.

(Jackson, 2005)

In 2002, a Filipino Speech Corpus (FSC) was created by the Digital Signal Processing

Laboratory of the University of the Philippines-Diliman. This allowed multiple studies to be

conducted relating to the speech recognition of the Filipino Language. (Bautista & Kim,2014)

In this paper, the researchers developed two sets of phonetically balanced word (PBW) lists in

Filipino and two sets of phoneme-level HMMs(Hidden Markov Model). The developed PBW

lists can be improved by increasing the size of text corpora which will also increase the

efficiency of the phoneme distribution in the words of the PBW list. (Fajardo& Kim, 2015).

2.4 Review of Related Literature

Due to the heterogeneity of network resources and the lack of structure of web data, automated

discovery of targeted knowledge retrieval mechanism is still facing many research challenges.

Moreover, the semi-structured and unstructured nature of web data creates the need for web

content mining.

Nowadays, most of the people rely on web search engines to find and retrieve information. When

a user uses a search engine such as Yahoo or Google or bing to seek specific information, an

enormous quantity of results are returned containing both the relevant document as well as

outlier document which is mostly irrelevant to the user. Therefore discovering essential

information from the web data sources becomes very important for web mining research

community.

Chakrabarti et al (1999) describes a new hypertext resource discovery system called focused
crawler which analyze its crawl boundary to find the links that are likely to be most relevant for

the crawler and avoids irrelevant regions of the web.

Mei Kobayashi and Koichi Takeda (2000) discussed the development of new techniques targeted

to resolve some of the problems such as slow retrieval speed, noise and broken links associated

with web based information retrieval and speculates on future needs. Mayfield et al (1998)

explores the indexing using both Ngrams and words by using HAIRCUT (Hopkinks Automated

Information Retrieving for Combing Unstructured Text) System.

Junghoo Cho et al (2000) present the efficient method for identifying replicated document

collections to improve web crawlers, archivers and ranking functions used in search engines.

Sungrim Kim and Joonhee Kwon (2009) propose an information retrieval method using the

context information on the web 2.0 environment by adopting page rank and context tags

algorithms. Brin et al (1998) gives an in-depth description of large scale web search engines and

described the page rank algorithm. The algorithm states that the relevance of a page increases

with the number of hyperlinks to it from other relevant pages. Bin et al (2003) explained web

mining process and the Taxonomy of web mining.

Georgioes (2007) provide an overview of web mining and the latest developments on web

mining application in beneficial to society.

Nandkishor Vasnik [Link].(2012) adopted a method to improve the relevancy of retrieved results

by expanding the user query with more relevant words. Sometimes, the domain of query is

unpredictable so enhancing keywords is really difficult. The output of search engine is dependent

upon the database present and how structured is the database. The proposed query expansion

model included three methods for query enhancement: The first method utilized Lexical

resource, second method utilized user context and the last method devised was a combination of
both. An experiment was conducted with 30 queries in four modes of search which consist of

(1)Simple google search,(2)Method-I (Query enhance with HWN )(3)Method-II(Query enhance

with user context )(4)Method-III( Expansion with HWN and user context) .Precision values were

calculated Considering the uppermost retrieved documents by experiment which showed that a

combination of Method-I and Method-II could enhance the information retrieval.

Maleerat Sodani [Link].(2013)Conducted an experiment for subjective query expansion which

considered that the quality of searching is most important. There are numerous strategies to

enhance the quality search, the query expansion (QE) is considered to enhance the query terms

with regard to fulfill user query requirements .The expansion method utilized the keyword based

query. These semantic terms are added to the first query so as to reformulate query before

sending it to the searching module. The tests were tried on twitter information accumulated. The

results demonstrated that the retrieval adequacy is impressively higher than utilizing just original

query. Contrasted with the baseline system, this technique gives higher execution regarding

review and accuracy recall and user satisfaction.

Aurora [Link].(2015) has defined for implementing semantic based search engine for Punjabi

dialect and to compare its results with traditional search engine in terms of precision and recall

rate curves. The search engine developed will help the users to search and retrieve relevant

results in a more efficient and effective manner. This would enhance the productivity and

precision for the users of the search engine.