SCIENCE NOTES (Short & Simple)

1. Ma er

 Everything around us is made of ma er.

 Three states: Solid, Liquid, Gas

 Solid: fixed shape & volume

 Liquid: fixed volume, no fixed shape

 Gas: no fixed shape/volume

 Ma er is made of atoms & molecules.

2. Force & Mo on

 Force: A push or pull.

 Effects of force: can move an object, stop it, change its speed, direc on, or shape.

 Types of mo on:

o Uniform mo on

o Non-uniform mo on

o Oscillatory (pendulum)

o Rota onal (fan)

o Periodic (earth's rota on)

3. Energy

 Ability to do work.

 Forms of energy:

o Kine c (due to mo on)

o Poten al (due to posi on)

o Heat, Light, Sound, Chemical, Electrical

 Law of conserva on of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

4. Electricity & Magne sm

 Electric current flows through a closed circuit.

 Conductors: allow electricity (copper, aluminum).

 Insulators: do not allow electricity (plas c, rubber).

 Magnets have two poles: North & South.

 Like poles repel; unlike poles a ract.

5. Light

 Light travels in a straight line.

 It can be reflected, refracted, absorbed.

 Mirror → reflec on

 Lens → refrac on

o Convex lens: thicker in middle, converges light

o Concave lens: thinner in middle, diverges light

6. Sound

 Produced due to vibra ons.

 Travels fastest in solids, slowest in gases.

 Cannot travel in vacuum.

 Measured in decibels (dB).

7. Living Organisms

Characteris cs of living things

 Respira on

 Nutri on

 Growth

 Excre on
  Reproduc on

 Response to s muli

Cell

 Basic structural & func onal unit of life.

 Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplasts.

 Animal cells don’t.

8. Human Body Systems

 Circulatory system – Heart, blood

 Respiratory system – Lungs

 Diges ve system – Stomach, intes nes

 Nervous system – Brain, spinal cord

 Excretory system – Kidneys

9. Plants

 Photosynthesis: plants make food using sunlight + CO₂ + water.

 Chlorophyll gives green colour.

 Transporta on of water: xylem

 Transporta on of food: phloem

10. Environment

 Ecosystem: interac on of living & non-living things.

 Types: Forest, desert, grassland, aqua c.

 Pollu on types: Air, water, soil, noise.

 Conserva on: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.

PHYSICS

11. Heat

 Heat is a form of energy.

  The degree of hotness is called temperature.

 Measured by: Thermometer

 Units: Celsius (°C), Kelvin (K)

 Heat transfer happens by:

1. Conduc on (solids)

2. Convec on (liquids & gases)

3. Radia on (vacuum)

12. Pressure

 Pressure = Force / Area

 More area → Less pressure

 Liquids exert pressure in all direc ons.

 Atmospheric pressure decreases with al tude.

 SI unit: Pascal (Pa)

13. Work, Power & Energy

 Work = Force × Distance

 Power = Work/Time

 SI unit of work: Joule (J)

 SI unit of power: Wa (W)

14. Simple Machines

 Devices that make work easier.

 Types:

o Lever

o Pulley

o Inclined plane

o Wheel & axle

 o Screw

o Wedge

15. Gravita on

 Every object a racts every other object.

 Discovered by Newton.

 Gravity on Earth = 9.8 m/s²

CHEMISTRY

16. Atoms & Molecules

 Atom: smallest unit of ma er.

 Molecule: two or more atoms.

 Elements: only one type of atom.

 Compounds: two or more different atoms chemically combined.

17. Structure of an Atom

 Parts:

o Protons (+)

o Neutrons (0)

o Electrons (–)

 Protons + Neutrons → nucleus

 Electrons revolve around nucleus in shells.

18. Acids, Bases & Salts

 Acids: sour taste, turn blue litmus red (HCl, H₂SO₄).

 Bases: bi er, soapy, turn red litmus blue (NaOH, Ca(OH)₂).

 Salts: formed by reac on of acid + base.

pH scale:

 < 7 → acid

 = 7 → neutral

 7 → base

19. Chemical Reac ons

Types of reac ons:

1. Combina on

2. Decomposi on

3. Displacement

4. Double displacement

5. Combus on

6. Oxida on-Reduc on (Redox)

20. Metals & Non-Metals

 Metals: shiny, good conductors, malleable, duc le (Fe, Cu, Al).

 Non-metals: dull, poor conductors (S, P, O₂).

 Metals form posi ve ions, non-metals form nega ve ions.

21. Separa on of Substances

Methods:

 Filtra on

 Sedimenta on & decanta on

 Evapora on

 Dis lla on

 Chromatography

 Magne c separa on
BIOLOGY

22. Tissues

 Groups of cells performing similar func on.

 Plant ssues:

o Meristema c

o Permanent (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma)

 Animal ssues:

o Epithelial

o Connec ve

o Muscle

o Nerve

23. Reproduc on

 Asexual reproduc on: One parent (budding, fission, fragmenta on).

 Sexual reproduc on: Two parents (male & female gametes).

 Fer liza on → forma on of zygote.

24. Microorganisms

Types:

 Bacteria

 Virus

 Fungi

 Algae

 Protozoa

Helpful roles: making curd, bread, medicine.

Harmful roles: diseases, food spoilage.
25. Nutri on in Animals

 Types:

o Herbivores

o Carnivores

o Omnivores

Human diges ve system parts: mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intes ne → large
intes ne → anus.

26. Circulatory System

 Heart pumps blood.

 Blood components:

o RBC

o WBC

o Platelets

o Plasma

 Blood vessels:

o Arteries

o Veins

o Capillaries

27. Respira on in Organisms

 Glucose + oxygen → energy + CO₂ + water

 Two types:

o Aerobic (with oxygen)

o Anaerobic (without oxygen)

28. Ecosystems & Food Chain

 Food chain: Grass → Deer → Tiger

  Food web: interconnected food chains.

 Trophic levels: Producer → Consumer → Decomposer.

29. Pollu on

 Types: Air, Water, Soil, Noise

 Major causes: vehicles, industries, waste

 Effects: diseases, global warming

 Control: Afforesta on, recycling, using clean energy.