SCIENCE NOTES (Short & Simple)
1. Ma er
Everything around us is made of ma er.
Three states: Solid, Liquid, Gas
Solid: fixed shape & volume
Liquid: fixed volume, no fixed shape
Gas: no fixed shape/volume
Ma er is made of atoms & molecules.
2. Force & Mo on
Force: A push or pull.
Effects of force: can move an object, stop it, change its speed, direc on, or shape.
Types of mo on:
o Uniform mo on
o Non-uniform mo on
o Oscillatory (pendulum)
o Rota onal (fan)
o Periodic (earth's rota on)
3. Energy
Ability to do work.
Forms of energy:
o Kine c (due to mo on)
o Poten al (due to posi on)
o Heat, Light, Sound, Chemical, Electrical
Law of conserva on of energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed.
4. Electricity & Magne sm
Electric current flows through a closed circuit.
Conductors: allow electricity (copper, aluminum).
Insulators: do not allow electricity (plas c, rubber).
Magnets have two poles: North & South.
Like poles repel; unlike poles a ract.
5. Light
Light travels in a straight line.
It can be reflected, refracted, absorbed.
Mirror → reflec on
Lens → refrac on
o Convex lens: thicker in middle, converges light
o Concave lens: thinner in middle, diverges light
6. Sound
Produced due to vibra ons.
Travels fastest in solids, slowest in gases.
Cannot travel in vacuum.
Measured in decibels (dB).
7. Living Organisms
Characteris cs of living things
Respira on
Nutri on
Growth
Excre on
Reproduc on
Response to s muli
Cell
Basic structural & func onal unit of life.
Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplasts.
Animal cells don’t.
8. Human Body Systems
Circulatory system – Heart, blood
Respiratory system – Lungs
Diges ve system – Stomach, intes nes
Nervous system – Brain, spinal cord
Excretory system – Kidneys
9. Plants
Photosynthesis: plants make food using sunlight + CO₂ + water.
Chlorophyll gives green colour.
Transporta on of water: xylem
Transporta on of food: phloem
10. Environment
Ecosystem: interac on of living & non-living things.
Types: Forest, desert, grassland, aqua c.
Pollu on types: Air, water, soil, noise.
Conserva on: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle.