1.

Causes–Solution
Introduction
Sentence 1: introducing the topic/issue
Original:
The problem of …[topic]..casts a long shadow over contemporary society.

Alternative 1:
In recent years, the issue of …[topic]… has emerged as a pressing concern that continues to shape
various aspects of modern life.

Alternative 2:
Few challenges in today’s world have sparked as much debate and concern as the issue of …[topic]
…, which affects communities on a global scale.

Sentence 2: giving reasons

Original:
This persistent issue is a complex phenomenon, rooted in a confluence of interrelated factors,
including…

Alternative 1:
The persistence of this problem stems from a combination of underlying causes such as…

Alternative 2:
Several intertwined elements contribute to this issue, ranging from … to …, making it particularly
difficult to resolve.

Sentence 3: giving solutions

Original:
To effectively address this pressing issue, the formulation and implementation of robust, synergistic
strategies such as…. are necessary.

Alternative 1:
Addressing this urgent matter requires a comprehensive set of measures, including….

Alternative 2:
To mitigate this challenge, decisive and coordinated actions—such as….—must be undertaken by
individuals, institutions, and governments alike.

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Body 1: Causes
Sentence 1: Topic sentence:
There are several factors contributing to the…..

Idea 1:
Original: One of the primary reasons behind the…..is that….
Alternative 1: A major underlying cause of the…..can be traced to….
Alternative 2: One significant factor responsible for the…..is….

Supporting:

Idea 2:
Original: Another contributing factor is the…..
Alternative 1: A further element exacerbating this issue is the…..
Alternative 2: In addition, the problem is compounded by the…..

Supporting:

Body 2: Solutions
Sentence 1: Topic sentence:
To ameliorate these devastating effects, a multifaceted approach is paramount.

Idea 1:
Original: One potential solution is that….
Alternative 1: A practical step towards resolving this issue would be to….
Alternative 2: One effective remedy could involve….

Supporting:

Idea 2:
Original: Another possible measure would be to….
Alternative 1: A complementary strategy might be to….
Alternative 2: Furthermore, an additional initiative could be to….

Supporting:

Conclusion

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Sentence 1: Repeating the issue

Original:
The issue of….is a complex and multifaceted one, necessitating a holistic approach involving all
stakeholders.

Alternative 1:
In conclusion, the problem of….remains deeply entrenched and multifaceted, demanding
coordinated action from individuals, communities, and governments alike.

Alternative 2:
Ultimately, the challenge of….persists as a significant social concern that calls for collective
engagement and comprehensive understanding.

Sentence 2: Summarizing causes and solutions

Original:
This problem can be attributed to interrelated factors such as…., and only through collective
response including…..., can society then address this challenge confronting our contemporary
society.

Alternative 1:
The roots of this issue lie in various interconnected causes such as…., and through the
implementation of targeted measures like…., it is possible to mitigate its impact on society.

Alternative 2:
While this problem arises from a range of contributing factors including…., it can be effectively
tackled through a unified approach that combines efforts in….and….

Supporting:
This is because… / This happens as… / The main reason for this is… / This can be
Why/How (Explain)
explained by… / This occurs when…

So What As a result,… / Consequently,… / Therefore,… / This leads to… / This means that… /
(Effect/Result) As a consequence,…

For example,… / For instance,… / A clear illustration of this is… / One example of
Example (Illustrate)
this can be seen in…

Common vocabularies:

Nouns: problem, cause, effect, solution, factor, consequence, issue, strategy

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Verbs: cause, lead to, result in, increase, reduce, address, implement, promote

Advanced sentence structures:

1. SV1, and as a result, SV2

2. If SV1, SV2 ,therefore V3ing
3. SV1, V2ing, eventually V3ing.
4. When SV1, SV2, which in turn leads to….
5. By V1ing, SV2, ultimately V3ing
6. S not only…., but also…..
…

Sample essay 1: Plastic Pollution

In recent years, the issue of plastic pollution has emerged as a pressing concern that continues to
shape various aspects of modern life. The persistence of this problem stems from a combination of
underlying causes such as excessive consumerism, weak waste management, and insufficient public
awareness. To mitigate this challenge, decisive and coordinated actions—such as government
regulation, corporate accountability, and environmental education—must be undertaken by
individuals, institutions, and governments alike.

There are several factors contributing to the worsening plastic waste crisis. One significant factor
responsible for this issue is the overuse of single-use plastics in packaging and everyday products.
Because plastic is cheap, light, and durable, manufacturers rely heavily on it, and consumers often
choose convenience over sustainability. As a result, enormous amounts of plastic accumulate in
landfills and oceans, disrupting ecosystems and harming wildlife. A further element exacerbating
this issue is the inefficiency of recycling systems. Many countries lack adequate infrastructure to
collect and process waste properly, meaning recyclable materials are often burned or dumped
instead. This situation is worsened when developed nations export their waste to poorer countries,
transferring the environmental burden rather than solving it.

To ameliorate these damaging effects, a multifaceted approach is paramount. A practical step

towards resolving this issue would be to strengthen environmental legislation by banning or taxing
single-use plastics and encouraging industries to develop biodegradable alternatives. Such measures
not only discourage overproduction but also stimulate innovation in sustainable materials.
Furthermore, an additional initiative could be to expand public awareness campaigns that teach
citizens about the long-term dangers of plastic waste and promote responsible consumption. When
governments and media work together to educate the public, individuals become more conscious of
their habits, leading to gradual but lasting behavioural change.

In conclusion, the problem of plastic pollution remains deeply entrenched and multifaceted,
demanding coordinated action from all sectors of society. While this issue stems from overreliance
on disposable products and inadequate recycling systems, it can be alleviated through stricter
regulations and continuous education, ultimately paving the way toward a cleaner and more
sustainable future.

(342 words)
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Sample essay 2: Urban Traffic Congestion
Few challenges in today’s world have sparked as much debate and concern as the issue of urban
traffic congestion, which affects communities on a global scale. Several intertwined elements
contribute to this issue, ranging from rapid urbanization to insufficient public transport
infrastructure, making it particularly difficult to resolve. Addressing this urgent matter requires a
comprehensive set of measures, including transportation reform, smart city planning, and
behavioural adjustments among commuters.

There are several factors contributing to the worsening congestion in urban areas. One significant
factor responsible for this problem is the dramatic rise in private vehicle ownership. As people’s
incomes increase, many perceive owning a car as a sign of success and convenience. This trend,
however, leads to overcrowded roads, long commuting hours, and deteriorating air quality.
Moreover, a further element exacerbating this issue is the lack of efficient and affordable public
transport systems. When buses or trains are unreliable, commuters are forced to rely on their own
vehicles, creating a vicious cycle of traffic jams and fuel waste. In some rapidly developing cities,
poor road planning and the absence of cycling lanes or pedestrian zones make alternative travel
options impractical, further intensifying the gridlock.

To ameliorate these negative effects, a multifaceted approach is paramount. One effective remedy
could involve developing modern, accessible, and eco-friendly public transportation networks. By
investing in metro systems, electric buses, and cycling infrastructure, governments can provide
citizens with convenient alternatives to private cars. Furthermore, an additional initiative could be to
implement congestion charges and flexible work arrangements. When financial and logistical
incentives discourage unnecessary car use, overall traffic volume decreases, and urban air quality
improves. These measures, if applied collectively, can transform cities into more efficient and
livable environments.

Ultimately, the challenge of traffic congestion persists as a significant social concern that calls for
collective engagement and comprehensive understanding. While this issue arises from rapid
motorization and weak transport systems, it can be effectively tackled through strategic planning,
sustainable infrastructure, and public cooperation.

(327 words)

PRACTICE:
1, TASK 2: Fewer young people play sports these days.
Why is this?
What can be done to encourage more young people to do sports?

1. Paraphrasing main words and phrases:

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  Fewer young people play sports => Decline in youth participation in physical activities,
diminishing engagement of young individuals in sports, reduced involvement of youngsters
in athletic pursuits
 Encourage more young people to do sports => Foster greater youth involvement in
physical activities, promote sports engagement among young individuals, inspire youth to
participate in athletic activities, boost young people’s participation in sports
 This problem => This issue, this decline in sports participation, this challenge regarding
youth involvement in sports, this trend of reduced athletic engagement

Idea 1: Technology and digital entertainment

 Increased screen time => Decreased physical activity => Sedentary lifestyles becoming
prevalent
 Proliferation of video games and social media => diminished interest in sports =>
Engagement in passive entertainment rising

Idea 2: Lack of time

 Intense academic pressure => Limited availability for extracurricular activities =>
Prioritization of studies over physical well-being
 Demands from part-time employment or other obligations => Constrained free time =>
Reduced opportunities to engage in sports

Idea 3: Limited access to sports

 Insufficient sports infrastructure => Limited opportunities for participation => Barriers to
joining sports teams or accessing facilities
 High financial costs of sports clubs and equipment => Restricted involvement => Youth from
economically disadvantaged backgrounds unable to afford sports

Body 2: Solutions

Idea 1: Promote sports in schools and communities

 Integration of more physical education and sports activities into school curricula =>
Increased engagement in physical fitness => Encouraging regular participation in sports
 Expansion of subsidized or free community sports programs => Greater accessibility for
youth => Alleviating financial constraints and fostering inclusivity

Idea 2: Media campaigns and role models

 Strategic public health campaigns emphasizing the benefits of physical activity =>
Heightened awareness among young people => Motivating youth to prioritize fitness and
sports

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  Collaboration with influential public figures and athletes promoting sports => Enhanced
visibility and desirability of sports participation => Role models inspiring youth to take up
athletic activities

Idea 3: Diverse sports options

 Introduction of a wider range of sports disciplines => Catering to diverse interests and
preferences => Increasing the appeal of physical activities across different groups
 Development of inclusive and adaptive sports programs => Ensuring equitable access for
individuals of all abilities => Encouraging participation regardless of skill level or
background

1. Research shows that some activities are good for health and others are bad. Despite knowing
that, millions of people engage in unhealthy activities. What is the cause of this? What can be
done?

Paraphrasing main words and phrases:

• Activities => Behaviors, habits, actions, practices
• Good for health => Beneficial to well-being, promotes health, improves fitness
• Bad => Harmful, detrimental, unhealthy, negative impact
• Engage in => Participate in, follow, adopt, indulge in
• Cause => Reason, trigger, underlying factor, contributing factor
• What can be done => Solutions, steps to address, measures to resolve, ways to tackle

Idea 1: Lack of self-discipline or awareness

• Awareness of risks => Acknowledge the dangers, recognize health risks => Fail to act on
knowledge
• Habitual behavior => Deep-rooted habits, reliance on unhealthy practices => Difficulty breaking
habits

Idea 2: Emotional or psychological factors

• Stress or anxiety => Use unhealthy behaviors to cope, rely on detrimental activities for relief =>
Seek emotional comfort in unhealthy habits
• Coping mechanisms => Use of habits to manage mental strain => Engage in familiar, unhealthy
routines

Solutions:
Idea 1: Health education campaigns
• Raise awareness => Inform about consequences, educate on health benefits => Change public
perception
• Promote healthier alternatives => Encourage nutritious habits, advocate for healthier lifestyles
=> Provide accessible healthy options
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Idea 2: Improve access to healthy alternatives
• Introduce exercise options => Make fitness programs accessible, offer low-cost fitness solutions
=> Promote active living
• Offer healthier food options => Ensure availability of nutritious food, increase access to fresh
food => Encourage healthier eating habits

2. Many doctors recommend that older people exercise regularly, but most patients do not
follow an exercise routine. Why do you think this happens? How can people be encouraged to
exercise regularly?

Paraphrasing main words and phrases:

• Exercise regularly => Maintain consistent physical activity, engage in routine exercise, follow
fitness plans
• Do not follow => Neglect, fail to adhere to, avoid, disregard
• Encouraged to exercise => Motivated to be active, inspired to exercise, persuaded to stay fit

Idea 1: Lack of motivation or interest

• Loss of enthusiasm => Decreased excitement, reduced interest in fitness => Lack of commitment
• Procrastination => Delay in starting, avoid regular workouts => Lack of drive

Idea 2: Physical limitations or discomfort

• Health issues => Chronic conditions, medical restrictions => Prevent regular participation
• Age-related limitations => Joint pain, decreased mobility => Discourage physical activity

Solutions:
Idea 1: Provide incentives for exercise
• Offer rewards => Provide rewards for regular activity, use incentives to motivate => Increase
participation
• Create support systems => Build exercise groups, encourage social fitness opportunities =>
Foster motivation through group activities

Idea 2: Make exercise programs accessible

• Tailored routines => Offer personalized plans, adjust fitness programs for seniors => Adapt
exercises for varying abilities
• Provide local fitness programs => Create accessible exercise facilities, make fitness programs
available locally => Promote regular engagement

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3. There is too much noise in many public places in cities. What are the causes of this problem?
What can be done to solve the problem?

Paraphrasing main words and phrases:

• Noise => Sound pollution, disruptive noise, noise disturbances
• Public places => Public areas, communal spaces, urban environments
• Causes => Contributing factors, reasons, root causes
• Solve the problem => Address the issue, mitigate noise, resolve the disturbance, reduce noise
levels

Idea 1: Urbanization and increased activity

• Overcrowding => More people in confined spaces, density increases noise levels => Increase in
public activity
• More vehicles => Heavy traffic, more cars on the road => Noise from vehicles, construction

Idea 2: Lack of noise regulation

• Absence of laws => Lack of regulation to limit noise, insufficient noise control measures => No
restrictions on noise pollution
• Inconsistent enforcement => Weak law enforcement, failure to impose fines or limits => Lack of
accountability

Solutions:
Idea 1: Introduce stricter noise regulations
• Enforce limits on noise => Implement noise curfews, restrict noise at certain times => Control
sound pollution
• Designate quiet zones => Create areas with low noise, establish peaceful spaces in cities => Limit
disruptive activities in certain locations

Idea 2: Raise public awareness

• Education on noise pollution => Inform about the effects of noise, raise awareness of its impact
=> Change public behavior
• Encourage respectful behavior => Promote noise etiquette, educate people to respect others’
space => Advocate for quieter spaces

1. Children are now facing educational, social, and commercial pressures. What are the causes
of these pressures? What measures can be taken to reduce them?

Paraphrasing main words and phrases:

• Educational pressures => Academic demands, scholastic expectations, learning burdens
• Social pressures => Societal expectations, peer influence, social conformity
• Commercial pressures => Consumerism, market-driven demands, commercialization of
childhood
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• Causes of pressures => Root causes, contributing factors, reasons behind these pressures
• Reduce them => Alleviate, mitigate, ease, lessen

Idea 1: Academic competitiveness

• High expectations => Intense pressure to perform, demand for high academic achievement =>
Fear of failure
• Standardized testing => Overemphasis on exams, focus on exam results => Narrow view of
learning

Idea 2: Peer and societal influence

• Peer pressure => Influence of friends, desire to fit in, social comparisons => Pressure to conform
to trends
• Social media impact => Influenced by online personas, social media pressures => Exposure to
unrealistic standards

Solutions:
Idea 1: Shift focus in education
• Promote holistic learning => Encourage creativity and critical thinking, prioritize skills over
exams => Move beyond academic grades
• Reduce emphasis on standardized tests => Limit reliance on exams, offer alternative assessment
methods => Foster more diverse forms of evaluation

Idea 2: Limit exposure to commercial pressures

• Regulate advertising to children => Control marketing to young audiences, ban misleading ads
=> Reduce exposure to consumerism
• Promote healthy role models => Encourage positive influences, emphasize authentic behavior =>
Provide examples of self-worth beyond materialism

2. Not all drivers obey the laws while driving on roads. What are the reasons for this? What can
be done to fix this problem?

Paraphrasing main words and phrases:

• Drivers => Motorists, road users, vehicle operators
• Obey the laws => Follow traffic regulations, adhere to road rules, comply with driving laws
• Reasons => Causes, contributing factors, underlying reasons
• Fix this problem => Solve, address, resolve, mitigate the issue

Idea 1: Lack of awareness or education

• Insufficient driver education => Inadequate training, lack of driving knowledge => Ignorance of
road laws
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• Unclear traffic laws => Ambiguity in rules, lack of clarity in regulations => Misunderstanding of
road laws

Idea 2: Carelessness and distractions

• Distractions while driving => Use of mobile phones, talking to passengers => Diverted attention
from the road
• Lack of personal responsibility => Ignorance of consequences, risky behavior => Disregard for
others’ safety

Solutions:
Idea 1: Improve driver education
• Enhance driving tests => Provide thorough practical and theoretical assessments, enforce stricter
tests => Ensure thorough understanding of road rules
• Raise awareness of road safety => Conduct campaigns, promote safe driving behavior =>
Educate the public on the importance of compliance

Idea 2: Enforce stricter penalties

• Impose heavier fines => Increase fines, implement harsher penalties for violations => Deter
reckless behavior
• Install surveillance systems => Use cameras, track speeding, and law violations => Improve law
enforcement capabilities

3. Many students find it difficult to focus or pay attention at school nowadays. What are the
reasons for this? What can be done to solve this problem?

Paraphrasing main words and phrases:

• Difficult to focus => Struggle to concentrate, inability to maintain attention, lack of focus
• Pay attention => Stay attentive, engage in learning, follow lessons actively
• Reasons => Causes, contributing factors, underlying reasons
• Solve this problem => Address, tackle, resolve, mitigate

Idea 1: External distractions

• Digital distractions => Excessive use of mobile devices, social media notifications => Reduced
engagement with lessons
• Classroom environment => Noisy surroundings, poor lighting, uncomfortable seating =>
Disruptions in concentration

Idea 2: Mental fatigue and stress

• Excessive workload => Overwhelming assignments, heavy study schedules => Lack of energy to
focus
• Stress and anxiety => Pressure to perform, social or academic stress => Mental blockages
preventing concentration
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Solutions:
Idea 1: Improve classroom environment
• Enhance classroom settings => Create quiet and comfortable learning spaces, reduce external
noise => Foster better focus
• Reduce physical distractions => Limit use of mobile phones, maintain a distraction-free zone =>
Increase student engagement

Idea 2: Address mental health concerns

• Provide mental health support => Offer counseling services, promote stress relief activities =>
Help students manage anxiety
• Balance workload => Ensure reasonable assignments, incorporate breaks between study sessions
=> Avoid student burnout

4. In many countries, the number of animals and plants is declining. Why do you think this is
happening? How can this issue be solved?

Paraphrasing main words and phrases:

• Declining => Diminishing, reducing, decreasing, fading
• Animals and plants => Wildlife, species, biodiversity
• Declining numbers => Decreasing populations, dwindling species, reduced variety
• Solve this issue => Address, resolve, mitigate, reverse the trend

Idea 1: Human activity and environmental damage

• Deforestation => Destruction of habitats, cutting down trees for urbanization => Loss of natural
ecosystems
• Pollution => Water, air, and land pollution, toxic waste => Harms wildlife and plant life

Idea 2: Climate change

• Global warming => Rising temperatures, shifting weather patterns => Disrupts habitats, threatens
species
• Extreme weather => Droughts, floods, storms => Damages ecosystems, disrupts plant and animal
life

Solutions:
Idea 1: Protect natural habitats
• Implement conservation efforts => Create protected areas, limit urban expansion => Preserve
biodiversity
• Restore ecosystems => Replant trees, rehabilitate damaged environments => Foster habitat
restoration

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Idea 2: Combat climate change
• Reduce carbon emissions => Promote green energy, reduce pollution from industries => Slow
down global warming
• Raise awareness of environmental issues => Promote sustainable practices, educate on
conservation => Encourage environmental stewardship

5. Nowadays many countries are facing problems related to waste disposal. Why is this the
case? How can this issue be tackled?

Paraphrasing main words and phrases:

• Waste disposal => Waste management, garbage removal, refuse handling
• Problems related to => Issues concerning, challenges in, difficulties with
• Tackled => Solved, addressed, managed, dealt with

Idea 1: Overproduction of waste

• Excessive consumption => High levels of consumerism, overuse of disposable goods => More
waste generation
• Packaging waste => Over-reliance on non-recyclable materials, excess packaging =>
Environmental burden

Idea 2: Insufficient infrastructure

• Lack of recycling programs => Inadequate facilities for waste sorting, poor waste management
systems => Inefficient disposal practices
• Improper waste management => Poor handling of garbage, insufficient landfill space =>
Resulting in pollution

Solutions:
Idea 1: Promote recycling and waste sorting
• Increase recycling efforts => Implement waste sorting programs, encourage recycling in
households and businesses => Reduce waste generation
• Promote reusable products => Advocate for sustainable alternatives, limit single-use plastics =>
Encourage long-term sustainability

Idea 2: Improve waste management systems

• Develop better waste infrastructure => Build modern recycling centers, expand waste
management services => Ensure proper waste handling
• Introduce waste reduction policies => Enforce regulations on packaging waste, limit landfill
usage => Reduce environmental impact

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