UNIT-1 : DIGITAL DOCUMENTATION (ADVANCED)

SESSION 1: CREATE AND APPLY STYLES IN THE DOCUMENT

A style is a set of formats that you can apply to selected pages, text, frames, and
other elements in your document to quickly change their appearance.
When you apply a style, you apply a whole group of formats at the same time.
For example, you may decide to change the indentation of all paragraphs, or
change the font of all titles.
[Link] supports the following types of styles:
 Page styles include margins, headers and footers, borders and backgrounds.
In Calc, page styles also include the sequence for printing sheets.
• Paragraph styles control all aspects of a paragraph’s appearance, such as
text alignment, tab stops, line spacing, and borders, and can include character
formatting.
• Character styles affect selected text within a paragraph, such as the font
and size of text, or bold and italic formats.
• Frame styles are used to format graphic and text frames, including
wrapping type, borders, backgrounds, and columns.
• Numbering styles apply similar alignment, numbering or bullet
characters, and fonts to numbered or bulleted lists.
• Cell styles include fonts, alignment, borders, background, number
formats (for example, currency, date, number), and cell protection.
• Graphics styles in drawings and presentations include line, area,
shadowing, transparency, font, connectors, dimensioning, and other
attributes.
• Presentation styles include attributes for font, indents, spacing,
alignment, and tabs.
Applying styles
[Link] provides several ways for you to select styles to apply.
Creating a new style from a selection
You can create a new style by copying an existing manual format.
 Open the Styles and Formatting window and choose the type of style
you want to create.
 In the document, select the item you want to save as a style.
 In the Styles and Formatting window, click on the
New Style from Selection
 In the Create Style dialog, type a name for the new style. The list shows
the names of existing custom styles of the selected type. Click OK to
save the new style.
Modifying styles
[Link] provides several ways to modify styles (both the predefined styles
and custom styles that you create):
• Updating a style from a selection
• Load or copy styles from another document or template
SESSION 2 : INSERT AND USE IMAGES

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Images can be added to a document in several ways: by inserting an image file,
directly from a graphics program or a scanner, or from the OOo Gallery.

Inserting an image file

When the image is in a file stored on the computer, you can insert it into an OOo
document using either of the following methods:
 Drag and drop
 Open a file browser window and locate the image you want to insert.
 Drag the image into the Writer document and drop it where you want it
to appear. A faint vertical line marks where the image will be dropped.
 Insert Picture dialog
 Click in the Open Office document where you want the image to
appear.
 Choose Insert > Picture > From File from the menu bar.
 On the Insert Picture dialog navigate to the file to be inserted, select
it, and click Open.
Inserting An Image From The Clipboard
1. Open both the source document and the target document.
2. In the source document, select the image to be copied.
3. Move the mouse pointer over the selected image and press Control+C to
copy the image to the clipboard.
4. Switch to the target document.
5. Click to place the cursor where the graphic is to be inserted.
6. Press Control+V to insert the image.
Inserting An Image Using A Scanner
To start this procedure, click where you want the graphic to be inserted and select
Insert > Picture > Scan > Select Source.

Inserting An Image From The Gallery

1. To open the Gallery, click on the Gallery icon (located in the right side of
the Standard toolbar) or choose Tools > Gallery from the menu bar.
2. Navigate through the Gallery to find the desired picture.
3. To insert the picture, click and drag it from the Gallery into the Writer
document. You can also right-click on the picture and choose Insert>Copy.
Modifying an image
When you insert a new image, you may need to modify it to suit the document.
Here we will discuss the use of the Picture toolbar, resizing, cropping, and a
workaround to rotate a picture.
 Using the Picture toolbar
When you insert an image or select one already present in the document, the
Picture toolbar appears. You can set it to always be present (View >
Toolbars > Picture). Picture control buttons from the Picture toolbar can
also be added to the Standard Toolbar.
From these three toolbars, you can apply small corrections to the graphic or
obtain special effects.
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 Graphics mode
You can change color images to grayscale by selecting the image and then
selecting Grayscale from the Graphics mode list.
Flip vertically or horizontally

To flip an image vertically or horizontally, select the image, and then click
the relevant icon.
Filters
Table 1 provides a short description of the available filters, however the
best way to understand them is to see them in action. Feel free to experiment
with the different filters and filters settings, remembering that you can undo
all the changes by pressing Ctrl+Z or Alt+Backspace or by selecting Edit > Undo.
Color
Use this toolbar to modify the individual RGB color components of the image
(red, green, blue) as well as the brightness, contrast, and gamma of the image.
If the result is not satisfactory, you can press Control+Z to restore the default
values.

Transparency
Modify the percentage value in the Transparency box on the Picture toolbar to
make the image more transparent. This is particularly useful when creating a
watermark or when wrapping the image in the background.

Using The Formatting Toolbar And Picture Dialog Grouping

Drawing Objects
1. Select one object, then hold down the Shift key and select the others you
want to include in the group. The bounding box expands to include all the
selected objects.
2. With the objects selected, hover the mouse pointer over one of the objects
and choose Format > Group > Group from the menu bar or right-click and
choose Group > Group from the pop-up menu.
Positioning image/graphics within the text
When you add a graphic to a text document, you need to choose how to position
it with respect to the text and other graphics.
Positioning of a graphic is controlled by four settings:
1. Arrangement refers to the placement of a graphic on an imaginary vertical
axis. Arrangement controls how graphics are stacked upon each other or
relative to the text.
2. Alignment refers to the vertical or horizontal placement of a graphic in
relation to the chosen anchor point.
3. Anchoring refers to the reference point for the graphics. This point could be
the page, or frame where the object is, a paragraph, or even a character. An
image always has an anchor point.
4. Text wrapping refers to the relation of graphics to the surrounding text,
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 which may wrap around the graphic on one or both sides, be overprinted
behind or in front of the graphic, or treat the graphic as a separate paragraph
or character.
3. CREATE AND USE TEMPLATE
 A template is a model that you use to create other documents. For
example, you can create a template for business reports that has your
company’s logo on the first page. New documents created from this template
will all have your company’s logo on the first page.
Using the Template
To use a particular template, choose File > New > Templates and Documents.
Changing To A Different Template
To change to a different template, choose File > New > Templates and Documents.

Working with tables

Rows-Row is a grouping of cells that run from the left to right of a page.
Cell- The intersection point between a row and a column is a cell.
Inserting a Table
1. Position the insertion point where you want the table to appear.
2. Choose Table ->Insert ->Table option. This will display the Insert Table dialog

box.

Writer's table of contents feature lets you build an automated table of contents
from the headings in your document.. For example, you can use the Heading 1
style for chapter titles and the Heading 2 and Heading 3 styles for chapter

4. CREATE AND CUSTOMIZE TABLE OF CONTENTS

subheadings.
Opening Writer's Table Of Contents Feature
Select Insert > Indexes and Tables > Indexes and Tables.
• Use the Index/Table tab to set the table's attributes.
• Use the Entries and Styles tabs to format the table entries.
• Use the Background tab to add color or a graphic to the table
background.
Protecting against manual changes
To protect the table of contents from being changed accidentally, check the
Protected against manual changes check box. If this box is checked, the table
of contents can only be changed using the context menu or the Insert
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Table/Index window
Using the Entries tab
Use the Entries tab, to format the entries in the table of contents. For each
outline level, you can add and delete elements, such as chapter numbers, and you
can also apply character styles to individual elements.
Deleting elements
To delete an element from the Structure line, click the button that represents that
element and then press the Delete key on your keyboard.
Adding elements
To add an element to the Structure line, follow these steps:
1. Place your cursor in the white field to the left of where you want to
insert the element.
2. Click one of the five buttons that are just below the Structure line.
(For example, to add a tab stop, click the Tab stop button.) A button
representing the new element appears on the Structure line.

Applying character styles

To apply a character style to an element on the Structure line:
On the Structure line, click the button that represents the element to which you
want to apply a style.
From the Character Style drop-down list, select the desired style. Writer applies
the selected style to the selected element.
To apply a paragraph style to an outline level, follow these steps:
1) In the Levels list box, select the desired outline level by clicking it.
2) In the Paragraph Styles list box, click the paragraph style that you want to
apply.
3) Click the <button to apply the selected paragraph style to the
selectedoutline
4) level.
SESSION 5: IMPLEMENT MAIL MERGE
A mail merge is a way to take a letter you’ve written and send it to a whole
bunch of people, personalizing it with information about them so they might
think that you typed that letter personally for them.
Create a Mail Merge Document:
1. Open a template, if you have one you want to use, or create a new Writer
document.
2. Save the document with the appropriate name, like
mailmerge_openenrollment.ods or mailmerge_parents.odt.
Note: Don’t save it in Word format. You must save it in [Link] Writer format or the
mail merge won’t work.
Editing a saved file of mailing labels
To edit a saved file of mailing labels, open the saved label file in the normal way.
You will be prompted to update all links. Choose No for the following reason:
The first label on the page is termed the “Master Label” and all other labels are
linked to it. If you update the links, then all labels will end up containing the same
data, which is probably not what you want.
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 You can edit individual records in the normal way, by highlighting and changing
the font name, for example.
Preparing for printing
To prepare mailing labels for printing:
● Choose File > New > Labels.
● On the Options tab, ensure that the Synchronize contents option is
elected.
● On the Labels tab (), select the Database and Table. Select the Brand of
labels to be used, and then select the Type of label.
Printing
● Choose File > Print. The message shown in appears. Click Yes to [Link] the
Mail Merge dialog (), you can choose to print all records or selected records. To
select records to be printed, use Ctrl+click to select individual records. To select a
block of records, select the first record in the block, scroll to the last record in
the block, and Shift+click on the last record.
● Click OK to send the labels directly to the printer.

UNIT-2 : ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET (ADVANCED)

Session 1 : Analyze data using scenarios and goal seek
Consolidating data
Data Consolidation allows you to gather together your data from separate worksheets into a
master worksheet. In other words, the Data Consolidation function takes data from a series
of worksheets or workbooks and summaries it into a single worksheet that you can update
easily.
The data from the consolidation ranges and target range are saved when you save the
worksheet. If you later open a worksheet in which consolidation has been defined, this data
will again be available. It is available under Data menu->Consolidate option

Creating subtotals.
SUBTOTAL is a function listed under the Mathematical category when you use the Function
Wizard (Insert > Function). Because of its usefulness, the function has a graphical interface.
It is accessible from Data menu.
SUBTOTAL, totals/adds data arranged in an array—that is, a group of cells with labels for
columns and/or rows. Using the Subtotals dialog, you can select arrays, and then choose a
statistical function to apply to them. For efficiency, you can choose up to three groups of
arrays to which to apply a function.
When you click OK, Calc adds subtotals and grand totals to the selected arrays, using the
Result and Result2 cell styles for them. It is available under Data -> Subtotals

Scenarios
Scenarios are a tool to test “what-if” questions. Each scenario is named, and can be
edited and formatted separately. When you print the spreadsheet, only the content of
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the currently active scenario is printed.
A scenario is essentially a saved set of cell values for your calculations. You can easily
switch between these sets using the Navigator or a drop-down list which can be
shown beside the changing cells.
For example, if you wanted to calculate the effect of different interest rates on an
investment, you could add a scenario for each interest rate, and quickly view the results.
Formulas that rely on the values changed by your scenario are updated when the scenario
is opened. Available Tools > Scenarios
Creating scenarios
To create a scenario, select all the cells that provide the data for the scenario.
Tools > Scenarios

Goal Seek
Using Goal Seek option under Tools menu, you can discover what values will produce the
result that you want.
Using Goal Seek
Tools > Goal Seek reverses the usual order for a formula. Usually, you run a formula to get
the result when certain arguments are entered. By contrast, with Goal Seek, you work with a
completed formula to see what values you need in an argument to get the results that you
want.

Using the Solver

Tools > Solver amounts to a more elaborate form of Goal Seek. The difference is that the
Solver deals with equations with multiple unknown variables. It is specifically designed to
minimize or maximize the result according to a set of rules that you define.

Each of these rules sets up whether an argument in the formula

should be greater than, lesser than, or equal to the value you enter.
If you want the argument to remain unchanged, you enter a rule that the cell that contains it
should be equal to its current entry.
For arguments that you would like to change, you need to add two rules to define a range
of possible values:
The limiting conditions : For example, you can set the constraint that one of the variables
or cells must not be bigger than another variable, or not bigger than a given value. You can
also define the constraint that one or more variables must be integers or binary values.

Session 2 : Link Data and Spreadsheets Using Multiple Workbooks and Linking Cells
Spreadsheet also allows you to link the cells from various worksheets and from various
spread sheets to summarize data from several sources. In this manner, you can create
formulas that span different sources and make calculations using a combination of local and
linked information.
Multiple sheets help keep information organized;
Setting up multiple sheets
Identifying sheets
When you open a new spreadsheet it has, by default, it has a sheet named Sheet1 which is
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managed using tabs at the bottom of the spreadsheet, as shown below.
Inserting new sheets
There are several ways to insert a new sheet. The first step, in all cases, is to select the sheet
that will be next to the new sheet. Then do any of the following:
Select the plus icon at the bottom of the screen.
Or, select Home > Insert > Insert Sheet.

Renaming Worksheets
There are three ways you can rename a worksheet
1. Double-click on one of the existing worksheet names.
2. Right-click on an existing worksheet name, then choose Rename from the resulting
Context menu.
3. Select the worksheet you want to rename (click on the worksheet tab) and then
select the Sheet option from the Format menu. This displays a submenu from which

4. you should select the Rename option.

Insert Sheet from different Spreadsheet
If you prefer, select the Link option to insert the external sheet as a link instead as a copy.
This is one of several ways to include “live” data from another spreadsheet.
The links can be updated manually to show the current contents of the external file; or,
depending on the options you have selected in Tools > Options > [Link] Calc

> General > Updating, whenever the file is opened.

Create or change a cell reference
A cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and can be used to find the
values or data that you want formula to calculate.
In one or several formulas, you can use a cell reference to refer to:
• Data from one or more contiguous cells on the worksheet.
• Data contained in different areas of a worksheet.
• Data on other worksheets in the same workbook.
Creating reference to other sheets
There are two ways to reference cells in other sheets: by entering the formula directly
using the keyboard or by using the mouse.
Calc can link different files together. The process is the same, but we add one more
parameter to indicate which file the sheet is in.
Creating The Reference With The Keyboard
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Typing the reference is simple once you know the format the reference takes. The
reference has three parts to it: Path and file name . Sheet name . Cell name
The general format for the reference is
=’[Link] &File Name’#$[Link]

Working with Hyperlinks

Hyperlinks can be used in Calc to jump to a different location from within a spreadsheet
and can lead to other parts of the current file, to different files or even to web sites.

Relative And Absolute Hyperlinks

Hyperlinks can be stored within your file as either relative or absolute. An absolute link will
stop working only if the target is moved. A relative link will stop working only if the start and
target locations change relative to each other. For instance, if you have two spreadsheets in
the same folder linked to each other and you move the entire folder to a new location, a
relative hyperlink will not break.

To change the way that OOo saves the hyperlinks in your file, select Tools > Options >
Load/Save > General and choose if you want URLs saved relatively when referencing the
File System, or the Internet, or both. You can insert and modify links using the Hyperlink
dialog. To display the dialog, click the Hyperlink icon on the Standard toolbar or choose
Insert > Hyperlink from the menu bar. To turn existing text into a link, highlight it before
opening the Hyperlink dialog.

Linking To External Data

You can insert tables from HTML documents, and data located within named ranges from an
[Link] Calc or Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, into a Calc spreadsheet
You can do this in two ways: using the External Data dialog or using the Navigator.

Insert -> Link to External Data.

Tools -> Options -> [Link] Base -> Databases

Session 3 : Sharing Worksheet Data

In most office settings, there is a shared drive where teams can store common files for
everyone to use. This usually leads to sighting of the message:
“The document [file name] is locked for editing by another user. To open a read-only copy
of this document, click“!!
This message appears because someone else already has the file open. Sometimes
however, it is necessary to have multiple people working on a file at the same time. This
can be to either speed up data entry or simply make things easier for collaboration
purposes.

Spreadsheet software allows the user to share the workbook and place it in the network
location where several users can access it simultaneously. in this exercise, you will learn
how to share a worksheet.
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Now to share the spreadsheets do the following.

At any time, you can set up a spreadsheet for sharing with others. With the spreadsheet
document open, choose Tools > Share
Document to activate the collaboration features for this worksheet. A dialog opens where
you can choose to enable or disable sharing.
When you save a shared spreadsheet, one of several situations may occur:
● If the worksheet was not modified and saved by another user since you opened it, the
worksheet is saved.
If the worksheet was modified and saved by another user since you opened it, one
of the following events will occur:
● If the changes do not conflict, the worksheet is saved, the dialog below
appears, and any cells modified by the other user are shown with a red border.
● If the changes conflict, the Resolve Conflicts dialog is shown. You must decide
for each conflict which version to keep, yours or the other person’s. When all
conflicts are resolved, the worksheet is saved. While you are resolving the conflicts,
no other user can save the shared worksheet.
● If another user is trying to save the shared worksheet and resolve conflicts, you
see a message that the shared spreadsheet file is locked due to a merge-in in
progress. You can choose to cancel the
● Save command for now, or retry saving later. When you successfully save a
shared spreadsheet, the worksheet shows the latest version of all changes that got
saved by all users.
● Calc has the feature to track what data was changed, when the change was made, who
made the change and in which cell the change has occurred. Edit > Changes > Record from
the menu bar. A colored border, with a dot in the upper left-hand corner, appears around a
cell where changes were made. Other reviewers then quickly know which cells were edited. A
deleted column or row is marked by a heavy colored bar.

● Calc automatically adds to any recorded change a comment describing what

was changed (for example, Cell B4 changed from ‘9’ to ‘4’). Reviewers and authors
can add their comments to explain their changes. Edit > Changes > Comments.

● When you receive a worksheet back with changes, the beauty of the recording
changes system becomes evident. Now, as the original author, you can step through
each change and decide how to proceed. To begin this process: Edit > Changes >
Accept or Reject
● When sharing worksheets reviewers may forget to record the changes they make. This
is not a problem with Calc because Calc can find the changes by comparing worksheets. In
order to compare worksheets you need to have the original worksheet and the one that is
edited. Edit > Compare Document.

Session 4 : Create and use Macros in Spreadsheet

● A macro is a saved sequence of commands or keystrokes that are stored for
later use.
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 ● A macro is a recorded name of set of tasks or commands in MS Excel which is
used to repeat them by single click or shortcut key.
Advantages of Macro
1. It saves user’s time
2. Repeat a number of commands in just one click or using the shortcut key
3. User can record numerous formatting commands or formulas in a single worksheet
4. User can use their names for each macro
5. It reduces the errors occurring with repetitive tasks
6. It is capable to perform any kind of complex calculations easily
To get macro go to view->macros

Record macro dialog box in MS Excel

1. Macro Name: Give a name for your macro.
2. Shortcut key: You can assign a shortcut key for the macro.
3. Store macro in: It provides three locations to store your macro as follows:
 Personal macro workbook
 New Workbook
 This Workbook
4. Description: You can write a brief description of your macro.

UNIT-3 : Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Database – A database is an organized collection of data. For example:- In a stationary
shop, detailed records of the materials available in the shop is database. Similarly in a
computerized system, we need to maintain several files, we would used database programs
such as Microsoft Access, [Link] Base, and MySQL. These database programs are
used to organize the data as per our needs in the computer system.
Database Management System (DBMS) - A database management system is a software
package with computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance and use of a
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database. A DBMS allows different user application programs to concurrently access the
same database. Some of the DBMSs are Oracle, IBM DB2, Microsoft SQL server, Microsoft
Access, PostgreSQL, MySQL, FoxPro and SQLite.

Advantages of Database
Reduces Data Redundancy : no chance of encountering duplicate data
Sharing of Data : the users of the database can share the data among themselves
Data Integrity : Data integrity means that the data is accurate and consistent in the database
Data Security : Only authorised users are allowed to access the database and their identity is
authenticated using a username and password
Privacy : The privacy rule in a database states that only the authorized users can access a
database according to its privacy constraints
Backup and Recovery : Database Management System automatically takes care of backup
and recovery.
Data Consistency : Data Consistency means there should be multiple mismatching copies of
the same data.

Data can be organized into two types:-

Flat File: Data is stored in a single table. Usually suitable for less amount of data.
Relational: Data is stored in multiple tables and the tables are linked using a common field.
Relational is suitable for medium to large amount of data.

Database Servers – Database servers are dedicated computers that hold the actual databases
and run only the DBMS and related software. Databases on the database servers are accessed
through command line or graphic user interface tools referred to as Frontends; database
servers are referred to as Back-ends. Such type of data access is referred to as Client-server
model.

RDBMS:- A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management

system that is based on the relational model. In the relational model of a database, all data is
represented in terms of tuples (rows), grouped into relations (tables). A database
organized in terms the relational model is a relational database.

Database Concepts:- Database contains objects that are used for storing and managing
information.

Item : - Item is about which information is stored in the database.

Field:- Each question that we ask about our item is a Field.

Record:- Record is a set of information (made up of fields) stored in your database

about one of the items.
Value:- Value is the actual text or numerical amount or date that you put in while
adding information to your database.
For example, Database : Employee

Emp_Code Emp_Name Emp_Addres Emp_Designation Emp_ContactN Emp_Salary

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 s o

E001 ABC Meerut Manager 9876543210 Rs.5000

Item : Employee
Field : Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address , Emp_Designation ,
Emp_ContactNo , Emp_Salary
Record :
Value : E001 , ABC , Meerut , Manager , 9876543210 , Rs. 50,000
Key Field :- Key Field is a value in a Field that uniquely

identifies the record. Eg. E001 which is unique to every employee.

Important Question :- How data is organized in a RDBMS ?
Ans :- In RDBMS, data is organized in the form of inter linked tables.

TABLE :- A table is a set of data elements that is organized using a model of vertical columns
and horizontal rows. Each row is identified by a unique key index or the key field.

COLUMNS OR FIELD :- A column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for
each row of the table. For eg. Emp_Code , Emp_Name , Emp_Address etc.

ROWS OR RECORDS OR TUPLES :- A row represents a single, data items in a table. Each
row in a table represents a set of related data, and every row in the table has the same
structure.

DATA TYPES :- Datatypes are used to identify the type of data we are going to store in
the database.
Categories of data types:- Data types can be broadly classified into five categories:-

• Numeric Types
• Alphanumeric Types
• Binary Types
• Date Time
• Other variable Types

NUMERIC TYPES:- They are used for describing numeric values like mobile number, age, etc.
The different types of numeric data types available are-

1. Boolean (Yes / No)

6. Numeric

2. TinyInt (Tiny Integer) 7. Decimal

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 3. SmallInt (Small Integer) 8. Real

4. Integer 9. Float

5. BigInt (Big Integer) 10. Double

ALPHANUMERIC TYPES:-
The list of different datatypes available in alphanumeric types are

1.
LongVarChar (Memo) (Long Text)

2. Char (Text-fix) (Small Text)

3. VarChar (Text) (Text of specified Length)

4. VarChar_IgnoreCase (Text) (Comparisions are not case

sensitive)

BINARY TYPES:-

● Binary types are used for storing data in binary formats. It can be used for storing
photos, music files or (in general file of any format) etc.

The list of different datatypes available in Binary types are :-

LongVarBinary (Image)
●
. Binary (Binary (fix)

VarBinary (Binary)

DATE TIME:-

Date time data types are used for describing date and time values for the field used in the
table of a database. It can be used for storing information such as date of birth, date of
admission etc.

The list of different data types available in Date Time type are :-

● Date (Stores month, day and year information)

● Time (Store hour , minute and second information)
● Timestamp (Stores date and time information)

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PRIMARY KEY:- A primary key is a unique value that identifies a row in a table. These keys
are also indexed in the database, making it faster for the database to search a record.

FOREIGN KEY:- The foreign key identifies a column or set of columns in one (referencing)
table that refers to a column or set of columns in another (referenced) table.
Note:- The “one” side of a relation is always the parent, and provides the PK(Primary Key)
Attributes to be copied. The “many” side of a relation is always the child, into which the
FK(Foreign Key) attributes are copied.
Memorize it : one, parent, PK (Primary Key) ; many, child , FK (Foreign Key)
There are two types of languages:-
1. DDL (Data Definition Language)
2. DML (Data Manipulation Language)

DATA DEFINITION / DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE:- It is a standard for commands that

define the different structures in a database. DDL statements create,modify and remove
database objects such as tables, indexes and users.
Common DDL Statements are:-
1. Create :- Used to create database objects.
2. Alter :- Used to modify database objects.
3. Drop :- Used to delete database objects.
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:- It is a standard for commands that enables users to
access and manipulate data in a database.
mmon DML Statements are:-
1. SELECT :- Used for retrieval of information from the database.
2. INSERT :- Used for insertion of new information into the database.
3. DELETE :- Used for deletion of information in the database.
4. UPDATE :- Used for modification of information in the database.

Types of DML:-
1. Procedural:- The user specifies what data is needed and how to get it.
2. Non Procedural :- The user only specifies what data is needed.
Note:- A popular data manipulation language is SQL (Structured Query Language.)
In this article on SQL Commands, I am going to consider the below database as an
example, to show you how to write commands.

Employee_Info
[Link] [Link] Contact Number Salary DOB City
101 Ravi 4567891235 40000 12-3-1980 Bangalore
102 Kiran 1234567890 56000 15-8-1989 Hyderabad
103 Rajani 9987654321 78000 23-9-1990 Chennai

CREATE : To create Table

CREATE TABLE Employee_Info

DROP : To Delete
DROP DATABASE Employee (complete information present in the database will be lost)
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DROP TABLE TableName (complete information present in the table will be lost)

TRUNCATE Table Employee_Info (your information will be lost, but not the
table)

ALTER : This statement is used to add, delete, modify columns in an existing table

ALTER TABLE
Employee_Info ADD BloodGroup varchar(255);.

INSERT : This statement is used to insert new records into the table.

INSERT INTO Employee_Info VALUES ('02', 'Anay','Soumya', '9432156783', ' Marathalli House
No 23', 'Delhi', 'India');

UPDATE : This statement is used to modify the records already present in the table

UPDATE Employee_Info SET EmployeeName = 'Aahana', City= 'Ahmedabad' WHERE

EmployeeID = 1;

DELETE : This statement is used to delete the existing records in a table

DELETE FROM Employee_Info WHERE EmployeeName='Preeti';

SELECT : This statement is used to select data from a database and the data returned is
stored in a result table, called the result-set.

SELECT EmployeeID, EmployeeName FROM Employee_Info;

( is used to select all from the table SELECT * FROM Employee_Info;

UNIT-4 :WEB APPLICATIONS AND SECURITY
SESSION 1: WORKING WITH ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

Computer Accessibility refers to the user friendliness of a computer system for all,
regardless of their disability., it enables a person with a disability or impairment to use a
computer. It is known as Assistive Technology.

LAUNCHING ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

To launch accessibility options in WindowsXP, Click Start > Control Panel > Accessibility
Options.
KEYBOARD TAB
Sticky Keys
StickyKeys is an accessibility feature to help computer users with physical disabilities, but it
is also used by others as a means to reduce repetitive strain.

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FilterKeys
FilterKeys is a feature of Microsoft Windows. It is an accessibility function that tells the
keyboard to ignore brief or repeated keystrokes, making typing easier for people with hand
tremors.

ToggleKeys
ToggleKeys is also a feature of Microsoft Windows. It is an accessibility function which is
designed for people who have vision impairment or cognitive disabilities. When ToggleKeys
is turned on, computer emits sound cues when the locking keys (Caps Lock, Num Lock, or
Scroll Lock) are pressed. A high sound is emitted when the keys are switched on and a low
sound is emitted when they are switched off.

Sound Tab
Select the Sound Tab. A window with options to configure accessibility options for sound is
displayed

SoundSentry
SoundSentry is designed to help users with auditory impairments. SoundSentry generates
visual warnings, such as a blinking title bar or a flashing border, whenever the computer
generates a sound.

ShowSounds
ShowSounds instructs applications that convey information by sound, to also provide
information visually, through text captions or informative icons.

Display Tab
Select the Display Tab. A window with options to configure accessibility options for display is
displayed.

High Contrast
High Contrast is an accessibility feature to assist people with vision impairment. You can
change the size and color of fonts and the background for ease of viewing.

Cursor Options
Cursor Options is also an accessibility feature that assists people with vision impairment by
changing the blink rate and width of the cursor.

MOUSE TAB
MouseKeys
MouseKeys is an accessibility feature that assists people who have difficulty using a mouse.
This option uses the keyboard (especially numeric keypad) as a pointing device instead of a
mouse.

General Tab
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This tab enables you to configure accessibility options for all users.
Select the General Tab, a window to configure additional accessibility options will be
displayed

SerialKeys
SerialKeys is an accessibility feature that assists people that have difficulty using a keyboard
or a mouse (or both).

SESSION 2 : NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS

A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware components
interconnected by communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow sharing of
resources and information.

PEER-TO-PEER (P2P) ARCHITECTURE:

Networks in which all computers have an equal status are called peer to peer networks.
Generally in such a network each terminal has an equally competent CPU.

CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE:
Networks in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks, providing services to
other computers (in the network) are called client server networks. The computer(s) which
provide services are called servers and the ones that use these services are called clients.

TYPES OF NETWORKS
There are two major types of network Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network
(WAN).
LOCAL AREA NETWORK
A local area network (LAN) is one which connects computers and devices in a limited
geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely
positioned group of buildings.
Usually local area networks offer very high speeds and are used for connecting computers
and peripherals such as printers, scanners, etc.
WIDE AREA NETWORK
A wide area network (WAN) is one which covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links
across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). The Internet is the most popular WAN,
and is used by businesses, governments, non-profit organizations, individual consumers,
artists, entertainers, and many others.
INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that
consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks.
WORLD WIDE WEB
World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web), is a system of
interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view
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web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between
them via hyperlinks.
Some of the advantages associated with networking are:
•Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the sharing of data.
•Files transfer : Users can send text files, spread sheets, documents, presentations, audio
files, video files, etc. to other users.
•Hardware Sharing: Hardware components such as printers, scanners, etc. can also be
shared.
•Internet Access Sharing: You can purchase a single Internet connection and share it among
other computers in a network instead of purchasing multiple Internet connection for each
computer
•Usage of network based applications: Such as web browsers, email clients, chat
application, audio & video calling, etc. is another advantage.

GETTING ACCESS TO THE INTERNET

To use the Internet, you need an Internet connection. Internet connections are provided by
Internet Service Providers such as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), Airtel,Jio,
Vodafone,

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization which provides you with access to the
Internet via a dial-up (using modem) or direct (hard wired) or wireless connection.

MODEM
Modem is a device that converts digital computer signals into a form (analog signals) that can
travel over phone lines. It also re-converts the analog signals back into digital signals. The
word modem is derived from its function MOdulator/DEModulator.

TYPES OF COMMON INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

Types of Internet Connectivity can be broadly categorized into Wired Technology and
Wireless Technology.
Wired Technology
Dial-up:- It uses the facilities of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) to establish a
internet connection via telephone lines using a device called MODEM. Users dial a number
and get access to internet. Dial-up connections are extremely slow.
DSL:- DSL is Digital Subscriber Line provides internet connectivity by transmitting digital
data over wires of a local telephone network. It enables the use of Telephone and Data
Transmission on a single telephone line. For using DSL Connection, we need a DSL modem
and a subscription.
Cable Internet Access:- It is a form of broadband Internet access that uses the cable TV
infrastructure. It is provided through existing cable TV networks and it is similar to DSL.

DATA TRANSFER ON THE INTERNET

● The data is broken up into bits of same sized pieces called packets.
● A header is added to each packet explaining where the data has come from, where it
should end up and where it fits in with the rest of the packets.
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● Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its destination. All
packets may not take the same route.
● At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or damaged, a
message is sent asking for them to be resent. This continues until all packets have been
received intact. The packets are now reassembled into their original form. All this done in
seconds!

SESSION 3: INTRODUCTION TO INSTANT MESSAGING

Instant messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the Internet that offers an
instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver. Most instant
messaging software include the option for performing file transfers, audio chat, video calling
and conferencing, sharing desktops, etc.
Key Features of an instant messaging are as follows:

a. Text Messages can be sent to one or more person (Similar to SMS)

b. Audio calling and conferencing.
c. Video calling and conferencing.

d. File transfers (Not limited to documents, spread sheets, audio files, video files,
etc.)
e. Message history (Save messages for future reference)

INSTANT MESSAGING SERVICES

There are two kinds of instant messaging software – application based and Web
based.
Application Based:- These software are downloaded and installed on user’s
computer. Eg. Google Talk , Yahoo!Messenger , Skype , Window Live Messenger ,
Rediff Bol etc.
Web Based:- They are accessed using browsers such as Internet Explorer etc. Eg.
MSN Web Messenger , Yahoo! Messenger for the Web , Meebo , IMO etc.

CREATING AN INSTANT MESSAGING ACCOUNT

In this exercise, you will learn to create an instant messaging account for using
Google Talk.
Note: You need to download and install Google Talk application from
[Link]/talk prior to this exercise.
LAUNCHING GOOGLE TALK
• To launch Google Talk, Click Start > Programs >Google Talk>Google Talk.

• You can also double-click on the Google icon on the desktop if

Talk is available.

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You need to have a list of contacts that are available for chat. If you don’t have any contacts, you
can add their Gmail account to your contact list by sending an invite.
If you don’t have a Gmail account already you can create a new Gmail account.

SESSION 4: CHATTING WITH A CONTACT – GOOGLE TALK

Whenever your friend in the contact list is online you can see the person along with a green dot.
You can start sending text chat message instantly by double-clicking on a contact.

There are some general rules and etiquettes to be followed while chatting.

● Messages should be short and to the point.

● Always introduce yourself by name if your screen name doesn’t reflect it.
● Always ask if the other person has time to chat first - regardless of how
important you think what you have to say is, it’s not going to be well received if the
recipient is busy.
● Give people time to respond - Multiple questions sent to a recipient before
they’ve had a chance to answer can seem more like an interrogation rather than a
conversation.

WEB PAGES – BLOG

A blog is a discussion style site used by non-technical users for creating personal web pages.
Blog is similar to an online personal diary and similar to use. A blog is used to convey messages,
events, news, announcements etc.

Blogs are usually managed through web browser which needs an internet connection. A blog
can also be created through Offline Blog Software and later publish the content when the
internet connection is available.
Examples of Websites that offer blog services:-
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]

SESSION 6: USING OFFLINE BLOG EDITORS

If you do not have an active internet connection, you can create blogs using a blog
application and publish the blog whenever internet connectivity is available.

There are several free offline blog editors available that can be downloaded and installed on the
local computer such as: Qumana, Windows Live Writer , Blogdesk

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SESSION 7: ONLINE TRANSACTIONS
The transactions over the internet are called Online Transactions

Like purchasing of goods, selling of goods, booking a ticket, payment of fees etc. all comes under
the category of Online transactions
Examples
( For Buying Goods :- amazon, jabong, myntra, flipkart , ebay etc.

( For Booking of Tickets :- IRCTC , Redbus etc.

( For Payment of School Fee :-

[Link]/kvfee

Payments tools to use Online transaction

For completing an online transaction we must need:-
1) Valid Debit Card

2) Valid Credit Card

3) Net Banking Subscription

SESSION 8: INTERNET SECURITY

It is a branch of computer security specifically related to the internet, involving browser
security and also network security.
Objectives of Internet Security
The main objective of internet security is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks
over the internet.

Online Threats
The threats / vulnerabilities that uses World Wide Web (Internet) to facilitate crimes are called
Online Threats. Like:-

1) Phishing :- The act of acquiring personal / private and sensitive data from personal
computers for use in fraudulent activities. For eg. Mails from unknown persons that ask
for your credit / debit card details.
2) Email spoofing :- It is the creation of email messages with a forged sender address. For
eg. Sending an email with a forged email address which appears to be original. These
mails are infected mails which contain worms.
3) Chat Spoofing:- Spoofing means hoax, trick, or deceive which contains false
information. Hiding / Faking the identity of another person over the internet is called
chat spoofing

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Best practices for security over Internet

1) Use strong passwords: A combination of alphanumeric and special characters could be

used for creating a password that is not so easy to crack or guessed by other users.

General Guidelines for strong password

a) Keep the length of the password at least 12-14 characters if permitted.

b) Avoid keeping passwords based on repetition words, dictionary words,

usernames, pet names etc.

c) Include numbers and symbols in passwords.

d) Use Capital and lowercase letters.

e) Avoid using same password for multiple sites or purposes.

f) Avoid using something that the public or workmates know you strongly like or
dislikes.

2. Backup your data: Always keep copies of data in CD, pendrives etc, so it could be helpful in
situation when there is a loss of data.

3. Use Encryption software: Use encrypted software available within the operating software
to protect data from unauthorized users.

4. Keep username and password private: Never save passwords or usernames on

computers that are used in shared environments like net café.

5. Registering with website: Read privacy policy whenever you register with a website, the
policy will include information about how the website use personal data.

6. Do not share personal information: Be cautious when filling out forms on internet.
Because your personal information or emails could be used by unauthorized users to send
fake or unwanted emails. So, first research and verify if it’s a trusted website or not before
providing personal information to any website.

7. Secure transactions: It is always recommended to use only secure websites for online
shopping or transactions, because these websites store your credit card or online banking
personal information. Verify if the website uses secure transaction, usually it is indicated
through a digital certificate represented as a golden lock in the web browser’s address bar.

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8. Use Antivirus and antispyware software: These software’s protect your computer from
any changes by malwares/threats. Keep these software’s up to date.

9. Do not immediately respond to mails from unknown users: Some mails, that promise
you jobs or announce lottery results, may contain virus or scripts or they can try to gather
your personal information. Never open the attachments from unknown persons.

10. Install firewalls: Firewalls keep your system and network secure. They could be
software or hardware. So, Install and configure your firewall.

11. Regularly update your operating system and software applications.

12. When you visit websites, cookies are created on your system that may contain
your personal or logon details. Clear browser cookies frequently so that your logon details
could not be tracked by unauthorized users

SESSION 9 : Maintain workplace safety

Maintain workplace safety

● Basic safety rules to follow at workplace – Fire safety, Falls and slips, Electrical safety, Use
of first aid.

Basic Fire safety rules in an organization are :

Fire escape plans must be installed at proper levels
- Conduct regular drills

- Maintenance of safety equipment must be taken care of regularly

Falls and Slips Safety rules

- Workplace must be proper ventilated

- Floors must be clean and dry

- Oil spills, dust must be immediately cleaned.

Electrical safety rules:

- Electrical equipment approved by a recognised organization.

- Take care that the outlets/ circuits should not be overloaded

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Session 10 : Prevent Accidents and Emergencies

Accident: an accident is an unplanned event that may happen all of a sudden and may lead to
unwanted or unprecedented results/outcomes.
Handling accidents:
- Safety measures must be placed to prevent workplace accidents
- Immediately call the medical team for any injury
- Stay alert
- Pay attention to and follow emergency drills

Session 11: Protect Health and Safety at work

Checklist for Workstations :

The workstation should:
● provide sufficient space for the user to alter position comfortably
● provide adequate lighting
● have windows fitted with adjustable coverings to alter the sunlight level
● be spacious enough when a workstation is shared by more than one person

The display screen should:

● display well-defined characters of adequate size and spacing
● have easily adjustable brightness and contrast
● tilt and swivel easily to suit the user

The keyboard should:

● be able to tilt easily and should be able to separate from the screen to allow the user to
adopt a comfortable working position

The work surface should:

● provide adequate space for the user
● be of an adequate size to allow the screen, keyboard and other peripherals to be flexibly
arranged

Workplace Evacuation
In case of emergency there should be provision for evacuation. Evacuation is the process of
emptying a place in case of an emergency, disaster.

Every company must ensure following points for evacuation in case of any emergency:

 An evacuation policy : Every organization must have an evacuation policy. All the Team
Leaders are responsible for informing about the policy to their employees about it.
Proper attention must be paid when the Team Leader is informing you about these
details. Negligence at this time may cost lives.

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 Organization must have a designated assembly point for emergencies. Ensure that every
employee/ worker must know where it is.
 A ‘buddy system’ for individuals with special needs or disabilities must be designated.
This system ensures that differently-abled are assisted and guided out of the premises
or the impacted area properly. If you are a buddy to someone, ensure that your buddy
is safe at the assembly point with you.
 Floor plans with evacuation routes in work areas. Ensure that you understand these so
you can use it in time of need.
 Assembly areas, where you are required to assemble after evacuation, must be
properly taken care of.
 Periodic evacuation drills should be conducted. Ensure that you pay attention during these
drills. You need to save your life and you can be helpful in saving someone else’s life too.

Healthy Living

‘A healthy body has a healthy mind’ - a very popular saying is true

‘Healthy Lifestyle leads to a healthy being. A healthy living has a lasting impact on an individual
which ultimately yields a healthy environment at home as well as at work place. a happy and
healthy worker will always perform best to his ability.

A healthy lifestyle helps to keep and improve people’s health and wellbeing.

a healthy lifestyle includes :

- healthy eating habits

- physical activities

- stress management

- healthy mind

- sound sleep

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