Understanding Complex Numbers in Algebra
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ScribdTranslationsUnderstanding Complex Numbers in Algebra
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ScribdTranslationsAlgebraic form
Definition
The algebraic expression of a complex number is
Let it beC= z= x+ iy ( x;y)∈R2, withi2=− 1 unique. AsR, Cisintegrate, that is to say inClethéo-
The writing= x+ yesterday called formalgebraic ten. Consequences: The zero product property is verified:
We pose: Re(z) = x∈ Rthe real part Equalityof two complex numbers: ∀z,z′ ∈ C,zz′ = 0⇔ z= 0ouz′ = 0
(
Im(z) = y∈ Rthe imaginary part x= x ′
z= z′ ⇔ x+ iy = x ′ + iy ′ ⇔ ( y= y′ BWe no longer have inCof the order relation
Deity powers: Let it be a relative integer, we have: usual6or>"
• Particular case:
i4k= 1, I4k +1= i,i4k+2=− 1,I4k+3=− i x= 0′
z= 0⇔ x+ iy = 0+ i0⇔ (
y= 0
Special cases Quadratic equation with real coefficients
• SiIm(z) = so thenz= x∈ RthusR⊂ C. Typically:az2+ bz+ c= 0wherea∈ R ∗ ,b,c∈ R.
Product muni×) and of the addition (+usualCfather The numbers Method: We calculate the discriminant∆ = b2− 4ac
rises like an extension ofRpreserving the properties complexes • Yes∆ > 0, real roots (see 1S)
classical algebra: associativity, distributivity, commutativity
The point of view of • If∆ < 0, 2 complex conjugate roots:
treaty. √ √
It is sometimes noted:C = R (i ) to translate the extension...
algebra
z1= −b+ i−∆ ouz2= −b− i−∆
2a 2a
• SiRe(z) = soz= iyavecy ∈ R.
BFor polynomial equations of degree> 2 at coef-
It is then said that it is a pure imaginary. Complex and efficient, the text will guide you.
Other equations
Conjugate
We callconjugatedof the complexz, the complexzas such: 1) Degree 3 equations with real coefficients:
Express a complex number in algebraic form
z= x + iy Re(z) = Re(z) az3+ bz2+ cz+ d= 0
thus ( • Tool:∀z∈ C,zz= x2+ y2∈ R
= x− iy Im(z) =− Im(z) • An obvious root is determined.α
1− 3i = (1− 3i)(1+ 2i) • We deduce a factorization by(z− α)
PropertiesROC):∀ z,z′ = 0∈ C,z= z • Example:z= • We conclude using the zero product theorem.
1− 2i (1− 2i)(1+ 2i)
z+ z ′ = z+ z ′ , • Example: solvez3− 3z2+ 3z+ 7= 0.
z× z′ = z× z′ = 1+ 2i2− 3i+ 6
2) Equations involvingzandz.
z z 1 + 22
= , zn= (z)n ,n∈ N ∗ • We set z= x+ we usethe uniqueness of
z′ z′ 7 1 the algebraic writing to determine x andyin
=
5 − I5 real part and imaginary part using
Characterizations:∈ R⇔ z= z
of a system.
z∈ iR⇔ z=− z • Example : z− 3i z− 3+ 6i= 0
PAULMILAN LASTPRINTonNovember24,2016at15:47 TERMINALS
Supplement (in line with the program)
Culture
Theorem:Any polynomial with real coefficients has an even number of roots.
non-real complexes. These roots are then conjugated two by two. Fundamental theorem of algebraAny polynomial of degreen> 1a coeffi-
clients complexes admitted exactlyn distinct roots or not.
Let P be a polynomial of degree n with real coefficients:
Conjectured theorem by d'Alembert (1717-1783) and proven by Gauss (1777-1855).
n
P(z) = ∑ akzk= anzn+ an−1zn−1+· · ·+a1z+ a0
k =0
We assume that0 it is a root of P, then let's show that0is also the root of P.
P(z0 ) = 0⇔ P((z0 ) = 0
⇔ anz0n+ an−1z0n−1+· · ·+a1z0+ a0= 0
⇔ anz0n+ an−1z0n−1+· · ·+a1z0+ a0= 0
⇔ ainz0n+ an−1z0n−1+· · ·+a1z0+ a0= 0
Example: Roots 4andof unity,
Since the coefficients are real,∀k∈ {0, 1, ... , n } ,ak= akbranchn= zn
z4− 1= 0 ⇔ (z2− 1)(z2+ 1) = 0⇔ (z− 1)(z+ 1)(z− i )(z+ i ) = 0
In+
⇔ anz0 an−1z0 n−1+· · ·+a
1z0+ a0= 0
We deduce the 4 roots 4e of the unit: SC={−1 ; 1 ;−i;i}.
⇔ z0root of the polynomial P
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