John D.

Rockefeller 1

John D. Rockefeller
John Davison Rockefeller

John Davison Rockefeller

Birth July 8of1839

, Rickford, New York, United States

DeathMay 24of1937 (97 years)

, New York, United States

American nationality

Occupation Entrepreneur and Investor

• Founder ofStandard Oil
• Founder of theUniversity of Chicagoand theRockefeller University
• Founder of theRockefeller Foundation
• Founder of the General Education Board

Heritage 663.400 million dollars according toForbesand adjusted for inflationFebruary 2008.

Spouse Laura Celestia Spelman

Children John D. Rockefeller Jr.

Parents William Avery (father)

Eliza Rockefeller (mother)

John Davison Rockefeller8 de julio of1839– May 23of1937) was a entrepreneur, investor, industrialy
philanthropistAmerican, who worked in the world of industryoil company, reaching the point of
to monopolize itHe was the founder andpresidentfrom theStandard Oila gigantic company that came to control,
extraction, refinement, transportand distribution of over 90% of theoilofEstados Unidos and he/she held

monopolieswhole numbers in multiple investmentscountriesforeigners. In a period of more than forty years,

Rockefeller consolidated theStandard Oilas the largest oil company in the world, revolutionizing the
industry at all its levels and demonstrating an extraordinary and relentless competitive capacity. On the other hand,
Rockefeller was one of the most [Link] his time, dedicating a large part of his fortune and resources to
numerous donations, foundations, and programs, being the founder of theUniversity of Chicago, one of the
most prestigious universities in the world, home of 87Nobel Prizes, as well as from theUniversity of
Rockefelleren New York, in addition to boosting numerous areas of the education, thescienceand themedicine.[3][4]
His business achievements are as magnificent as they are controversial, through cunning, ingenuity, dedication, and few.
scruples, rose in the worldbusiness, it raised an extensive empire that extended to such a point that no one
anothercompanyin thehistoryhas managed to reach until today. Marked by its practicesmonopolists, was
reported byjournalistand researchers, and in the long run thegovernmentof theUnited Stateshe had to face it,
successfully bringing it before the courts and after years of litigation obtaining the decree of separation from
Rockefeller's giant oil company, a separation that took much longer even after it was ordered,
John D. Rockefeller 2

materialize.
Rockefeller is so far the only case that has been seen of a man who managed to formulate apure monopoly, the
what it cost himgovernmentdissolve and that actually deeply marked the development of the industryoil companya
worldwide.
He is considered the wealthiest man in theWorld Historyand he is the founder of the mythical
a family of millionaires that still persists today, with the same surname and the power as well as the extent of their
wealth was extreme not only aboutUnited Statesbut about other places, likeEuropeyLatin America, of
In fact, his family continued to control 90% of theoil industryin this last one for more than six decades,
after his death.

Beginnings

Childhood
John Davison Rockefeller was born inRichford, (New York) the July 8de 1839in a middle-class family
descendant of German immigrants (and these descendants of French Huguenots who moved to Germany
in the 17th century) arrived atUnited StatesIn 1733. His mother, Eliza, was a very organized and dedicated woman.
take care of his family and his father, William Avery, who was not a model of marital fidelity nor an example for his six
children. Away from the family for long periods, when he returned his pockets were generally full of
money and incredibly he returned loaded with gifts for his wife and his children. Much later, John would discover that
his father was nothing more than an impostor, who visited the indigenous reserves selling all sorts to its inhabitants
of objects and later the sale of pharmaceutical products became much more profitable, which he sold as a panacea
for cancer.
From his mother, Eliza, John inherited not only the physique but also the strict [Link], in addition to many of the
basic principles of their life, among them order and dedication.
John Davison demonstrated from a young age to be intelligent and hardworking. He moved with his family toOhio, Cleveland,
where his father had found a better job opportunity. There he studied at several public schools.
Rockefeller, even from a young age, showed interest in business. In fact, he collected stones to
to paint them and then sell them to his classmates, whose payments he deposited in a blue jar, which he himself called
later as her first 'safe', which she kept guardedly in her room, eventually managing to amass the
small fortune ofUS$ 50, which at the time represented a considerable sum of money. Rockefeller claims that
It was then that he was able to learn one of the most valuable lessons of his life, when one day a friend of his father's
he went to his house to ask him for a loan to settle a couple of debts that were about to expire. His father did not
He had the money, but he did, and he agreed to lend it to him at an interest of 7%. Rockefeller would later be surprised.
when after a year he received a sum of money much higher than what he had originally given, so he established the
maximum of her life:
Don't work for money, let money work for you.
From then on, all his earnings would be religiously recorded in a notebook that he called 'the record'
And he began to establish the mindset that would lead him to success years later.
John D. Rockefeller 3

Early career
His innate taste for business was further stimulated by school.
commercial ofCleveland, from where he returned at the age of 16. That same
year he obtained his first job at a brokerage firm and
grain traders, where he worked with general goodwill without
pay attention to schedules, lost in that sea of numbers that so much
he was passionate. At night, in his bed, he mentally reviewed the
financial operations of the day, trying to discover in what it could
having achieved better profits.

At just 16 years old, John Davison Rockefeller wascounterinCleveland

and excelled in the area, working for the
Hewit and Tuttl firm and otherscompaniesreaching the point that at
third year in the aforementioned sector, I was already earning 600 dollars a year (a

considerably high sum, taking into account that the year was 1857
but after they denied him a $200 raise, he decided to install a Rockefeller at 18 years old
self-employed business. I had savedUS$800 dollars, but still
he was missing another 1000 to create his first onesignatureofbrokerageHis father advanced it to him with an annual interest of 10%,
until he reached the age of majority. Thus, he founded the firm Clark & Rockefeller with his partner M.B. Clark, which
He obtained, in the first year, profits of $4,000 and in the second year he quadrupled the amount.

Then he began to invest in the coffee sector, which further increased his income, but despite the
Despite the large amount of money he was making, Rockefeller did not feel satisfied; he wanted to go much farther and was
determined to achieve it.

The Rockefeller Empire

Rockefeller's dissatisfaction with his achievements and the production of his firm, as well as his perception that
the industryoil companyit would provide more opportunities led him to enter the industrial sector, in production
oilman. John Davison Rockefeller was now a young and wealthy enthusiast of the oil sector, but no
No one in that world imagined that the ambition and intelligence of this young man would lead him to create the greatest
monopoly of all time and precisely about that very important industry.

Strength and sense of opportunity

Since the years of1850, Cleveland, I had been
experiencing a accelerated growth
especially in the industrial sectors, giving as
result that for1861, Cleveland, it had turned into
one of thecitiesmoremodernand productive of
United States, also in one of the main venues
industrial. In the middle of this environment, Rockefeller,
I closely appreciated the gradual growth that the
industryoil companyI began to experiment and it was the
Cleveland in 1857. quite bright to understand that fuel
soon it would become the source of energy for the world.

In 1862, Rockefeller, with his savings and profits from his coffee company, became a partner at Clark & Andrews.
that began installing its refineries and in a very short time started acquiring other refineries in
John D. Rockefeller 4

Cleveland, an activity that continued until it permanently took over a large part of the oil refineries of
the city.
The outbreak of the Civil War in 1861It was the key to his fortune. Two years earlier, with the drilling of the first well
ofoilunderstood that he could make more fortune with his transport andrefinementthat with exploitation. When
in1863the Atlantic and Western Railway Company extended its line toClevelandputting this city in
direct contact withNew Yorkthrough the oil region, he knew that the time had come. He was 23
years and investedUS$4,000 as a limited partner in the new firm Clark, Andrews & Co. The refineries were emerging
like mushrooms inClevelandand his enthusiasm for black gold made him abandon the grain trade. When he refused his
partner Clark to the expansion of the firm (he was scared of the liability ofUS$100,000), they decided to auction the company. The
February 2of1865, the company went up for sale, the bets quickly rose, Clark, determined to stay with
the firm offered 72,000 dollars. Rockefeller, unperturbed, countered with 72,500 dollars and ended up with thecompany.
El negocio, que en adelante se llamaría Rockefeller & Andrews, era la mayor refinería de Cleveland, with a
capacity of 500 barrels per day and profits of one million dollars per year, which would double the following year.
At the time of John Davison Rockefeller, it was said that he only had to show his competitors his wallet.
of investments and properties, so that they would decide to sell to him or negotiate with him, otherwise they could be
surely Rockefeller would take care of breaking them and driving them into bankruptcy, after all, he left it very in
clearly his vision with the phrase:

Competition is a sin, that's why we proceed to eliminate it.

Since then, Rockefeller was showing his mentality as a predatory businessman, seeking at all costs the
expansion of their companies, the increase in their investments, and the gradual elimination of competition altogether
cost. The shrewd and intelligent businessman would in the future make many maneuvers that reflected his vision and in more than
an occasion would demonstrate its effectiveness when it comes to overcoming others.

The conquest of Cleveland and national expansion

His next step was to negotiate freight rates with the railroad.
preferential, and that discount was an essential weapon
to establish, in1870, a new society, with 1 million
of capital dollars: theStandard Oil, which absorbed the
Rockefeller & Andrews company, which came from a
rapid expansion, in the year1870and because of the
Standard Oil was created by Rockefeller, its
brother William and several others, Rockefeller
he/she went on to lead the company.

Now John Davison Rockefeller controlled a vast

refinery network, as he had also
determined that the business ofoilcould generate
profits from more than one approach, led to the
companyto develop extraction systems and
crude transport, thus controlling all aspects
of oil production.

In1870, theStandard Oilit was one of the largest

central refineries of theUnited Statesand already in

1872, along with two of the most important refiners

Rockefeller in1875
John D. Rockefeller 5

ofPittsburghyPhiladelphiathey were able to manipulate the rates with the [Link] Oilit was refining a
quarter of all production ofoilof thecountry, and gradually eliminating the competition, the Standard Oilhimself
became a powerful onemonopolythat refined 95% of the total capacity of thecountryYour management team was
formed by a group of the most capable financiers in the country. They were all millionaires. For Rockefeller, the
The selection of staff had always been an extremely important ingredient; it chose the most capable and enthusiastic.
At the beginning of1872Rockefeller was determined to finalize his project of conquering the [Link] company, for
which advanced, making an unprecedented maneuver, by helping to create the South Improvement Company, a
association that encompassed the main refiners ofoilofClevelandreaching agreements with the
companiesrailways to obtain significant discounts for the association members. This agreement
caused a public claim that advocated for its annulment, something was achieved legally three months later,
in the face of people's protests, but by then almost all of Rockefeller's competitors had been seen
forced to sell or to associate with him. In a matter of three months, Rockefeller had bought 22 of the 25
refineries ofClevelandall thanks to this magnificent maneuver, that feat became known as the
Conquest ofCleveland".
After that extraordinary success, John Davison Rockefeller took charge of expanding the presence of Standard.
Oil, throughout the country. Installing or buying, its goal was to dominate the industry.1878Rockefeller controlled
90% of the refineries ofoilofUnited Statesand shortly after exercised amonopolyof the channels of
distribution.
Now Rockefeller was, for practical purposes, "the owner of the industryoil companyofUnited Statesand nothing could anymore
change it.

The Standard Oil Trust, Total Dominion

As a result of all these maneuvers, Rockefeller had
established its power over the industryoil company, but now
he wished to secure it completely. To do this, he decided to proceed to the
creation of theStandard Oil TrustThis would be a kind of
extraordinaryholdingbusiness that would concentrate various
investments in the world ofoiland fuels, not only
inUnited Statesbut in several other countries around the world.

Cartoon of Rockefeller from 1901 in the magazine Puck

John D. Rockefeller 6

The creation of this entity was based on an idea that Rockefeller

he created it to avoid being accused of monopoly by the authorities,
given that by that time the government was already starting to have
interference in the regulation of free competition between
companies. Because of this, Rockefeller could not acquire in a way
current, to all the companies he wanted to control, because of
to do it, the authorities would intervene, the solution was the creation
of theTrustterm that in English means: 'trust', and that is Standard Oil stock
it referred to a concentration of companies under the same management,
the legal control of the constituting companies was entrusted to the board of directors, changing the shares
from the companies for the certificates of thetrustIn this way, Rockefeller managed to unite the differentcompanies,
under a single central direction with the aim of exercising control over sales and marketing of the
oil.

Rockefeller's idea materialized in1882creating the Standard Oil Trust, which was the first monopoly of
world, encompassing the entire industryoil companyAmerican, controlling the processes of extraction, refining,
transport, distribution, and sale of all products derived from 90% of all oilUnited Statesy
holding operations, investments, and activities in dozens of other countries.
This was the epitome of Rockefeller's extraordinary business career, who was now the wealthiest man.
ofUnited Statesand possibly of the world.

United States against Rockefeller

By the end of the decade1880the government of theUnited Stateswas focusing his attention on the immense
development ofprivate sectorfrom the country. At that time, North America was determined to regulate it, to allow
the balanced and fair development of investments and companies, seeking to establish thefree competition, in a
countrywhere such a thing did not exist. Of course, to carry out such a reform project it was necessary to demonstrate that

would not be allowedmonopolies, and the only way to prove it was by eliminating the largest and most powerful of all, the
Standard Oil, that thanks to the Standard Oil Trust, to its multiple investments and to its dominance in the industry,
controlled almost entirely theoilAmerican and a large part of theoilof the world.
In this way, the government prepared to confront the man.
most powerful in North America, Rockefeller, and bring him before the
courts. Although there were many journalists and
researchers, both public and private, who presented TheExxon Mobil, it is the largest of the thirty
successors of theStandard Oil.
to themonopolyof Rockefeller, to thegovernmentit was very difficult for him/her
confront the powerfulmagnateand to his empire. Whole years of
lawsuits were only required to bring him before the courts, as John D. Rockefeller made use of his army of
lawyersto mediate the situation.
John D. Rockefeller 7

Finally, the case was brought before the High Court of Justice.
ofOhio, which decreed to theStandard Oil Trustas amonopoly
illegal and ordered its dissolution. The decision was appealed by
Rockefeller, but he failed. Still, despite all the demands of the
cut, themonopolydid not dissolve as such until1899, since
although he agreed to deactivate the Standard Oil Trust, the empire
Rockefeller's oil business was already well established, and that year
John Davison Rockefeller established the Standard Oil Company in
New Jersey, siendo su presidente hasta su jubilación en 1911.
This same year thecompanyit was divided into 37 different
corporations by order of the Superior Court of Justice of
United States, which considered thecompanytoo big and
powerful in the industry enough to remain united. Even so,
Rockefeller continued to hold 30% of theactionsof all
those companies and their family continued to maintain the majority of the
the rest of theactions, so their fortune was not affected.

It is worth noting that, in fact, the list ofcompaniesthat arose Chevron maintains a reference to its logo
predecessor, Standard Oil
as descendants of theStandard Oilnowadays they are
major oil companies, not only ofUnited Statesbut
in the world, companies such as theExxon Mobil, which is the largest oil multinational in the
world,Chevron, which is another of the large oil multinationals,ConocoPhillips, Amoco(that was absorbed
forBritish Petroleumin the year2000) andStandard Oil of Ohio, previously known as Sohio.

In view of the renown that these companies have today, it's not difficult to imagine how powerful the monopoly was.
What did Rockefeller practice and how extensive was it, given that all these arecompaniesthat are never missing from any list
of corporations of great importance. To think that all of them were united by the desire of a single
a man of dominating an industry is something that may seem impossible to conceive today. But it was, and the most
Incredible, it has lasted for more than four decades.
Consequently, it can be stated that the current structuring of the main companies in the oil sector is
mostly heir to the immense monopoly of Rockefeller, a testimony to the great power he wielded and the extensive
influence it had and that marked this industry.

Private life
As far as his private life is concerned, it can be said that Rockefeller enjoyed the advantage of anonymity at that time.
time, his name was recognized, but ultimately he was not involved in any type of scandal nor did he suffer from the
media persecution. From a young age, John Davison Rockefeller always displayed a reserved character, he was always
someone who put in maximum effort in what they did and their intelligence for business was undeniable, but always
discreet. Rockefeller is also considered the richest man in history, valuing his fortune at 1.4 billion.
dollars or 1.53% of the U.S. GDP at the time, which adjusted for inflation would be equivalent to in 2007
663.4 billion United States dollars.
John D. Rockefeller 8

Marriage and family

Rockefeller married Laura Celestia Spelman, a teacher ofNew Yorkwith whom he remained married until
his death and who gave him his only sonJohn Davison Rockefeller [Link] would inherit his vast empire after his death.
His family life took place between his multiple residences and in his nine-story house inNew Yorkit is where
more time passed.

End of his life

At the age of 53, his health began to deteriorate. With several
digestive diseases, lost hair, lost weight, and sank.
the shoulders. With his hunched back, he came to have the appearance of
a man much older than he really was. He could hardly
stand firm. With his financial resources, he sought treatments
expensive but their health did not improve. It was then that they began to decline.
her work rhythm, to rest more and to eat well, her health was
improving.
Rockefeller, after the separation into 30 different companies of his
the gigantic oil companyStandard Oil, and after his retirement as
presidentof his vast empire in1911, focused his attention more than
everything in their philanthropic activities and in their most ambitious project
in the real estate sector, the construction of theRockefeller Center, the
which he could never see completed, due to his death onMay 23of
1937in their residence ofOrmond Beach, Florida, at the age of 97 of
age. He was buried in Lake View Cemetery, inClevelandthe
city that saw the birth of its immense empire.
Rockefeller in1911
It would be your son,John Davison Rockefeller [Link] would complete the
construction of the project that was theRockefeller Center, which would be the largest business center of the countryy
probably of the world at its time, still today one of the most important, in addition to being a
importantactivereal estateand ofreal estate, for the family.

Beliefs and ethics

Rockefeller was very firm regarding everything that constituted his personality and his complex of ideologies and
beliefs. At first, she was firmly loyal to her church, the Calvinistand in the second era extremely rigid regarding
to its organizational paradigm, planning, financial management, and time management.
In terms of his political stance, he always supported theRepublican Partyand always supported who would be
president ofUnited States, Abraham Lincoln.
Then there was their business philosophy, which was simply based on an ideal of professionalism, as they believed and
I applied the idea that only the best, with more experience, more titles, and better preparation and determination
they were supposed to work for him. This philosophy was complemented by his ideal of domination and exaggerated growth, for
part of their business, thus creating a general idea that directly touches on thesocial darwinismunder the classic
belief that only the best succeed.
In fact, that ideal was represented by him in his reflection titled 'American Beauty'.
His phrase, famous in American capitalist culture, was pronounced as a metaphor for thesocial Darwinism:
The growth of a great business is simply the survival of the fittest... The beautiful rose
American can only achieve the height of its splendor and perfume that we love if
John D. Rockefeller 9

we sacrifice the buds that grow around it. This is not a malignant trend in the
business. It is more about the establishment of a law of nature and a law of God.
This phrase represents, in more than one sense, the [Link] the same Rockefeller and for the purposes of
social darwinism, it is the most representative of all the phrases or reflections that have been made about the aforementioned.
line of thought.

Personal fortune
Due to his vast fortune, Rockefeller managed to become the
the very image of the American billionaire. Possessing
multiple residential properties. Their primary residence inNew
Yorkit was the most luxurious and extensive of all, having nine floors.
In addition, he made investments in a variety of other financial entities.
and productive.

His philanthropic contributions reached 550 million. Of these, the

80% went to four charitable organizations created by
Rockefeller: the Rockefeller Foundation, the General Education Board, the
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research (now University
Rockefeller) and the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial, created in
1918and absorbed by the Rockefeller Foundation in1929. Rockefeller uses the rose as a reference
American, to explain their point of view, with the
famous quote from "American Beauty"
Controversies
The immense power and influence and the vast wealth that Rockefeller and his family achieved made him the subject of
multiple controversies, including their practicesmonopolists, as well as the fact that to maintain it, even
when the government itself was dictating its dissolution, it made use of its power and influences.

However, their controversies were nothing compared to the multiple accusations of conspiracy in the
who was involved. Rockefeller was accused of being a "Illuminatiand planning alliances with other powerful families,
to increase their power and influence over multiple nations to dominate the world.
In addition, it is associated with the Rockefeller family in the planning of thefirstysecondworld wars, with the
Purpose of obtaining economic benefits from the sale of weapons and supplies to belligerent countries.

Legacy
Despite the controversy surrounding his figure, one thing that is undeniable is that Rockefeller ultimately turned out to be a figure
extraordinary. His actions and vision became the very essence of the conception of the entrepreneur.
capitalist, becoming a legend of the business world.
To its evident influence on the business development and conception of the United States and the world is added the
important fact that represents having left an indelible mark on the industry ofoilAfter all his
immense business empire, after being divided gave rise to multiple companies, which are all of them, the
major companies in the sector today. Names likeExxon Mobil, Chevron, Sohio, ConocoPhillips,
among many others, they are counted among the heirs of the vastmonopolyfrom Rockefeller on production
oil company ofUnited Statesand of the world.
But definitely, the most representative of all the merits that make him legendary for the United States is
that at the end of it all, he is the only man in history who managed to fully extend the construction of a
pure monopoly, over an entire industry, the image of a magnate, shrewd, powerful, intelligent, and astute, is the one that
remains in the minds of everyone, his legacy, his influence on the business world, his wealth and the
John D. Rockefeller 10

the dynasty that managed to forge with it, is what forever identifies the name of John Davison Rockefeller Sr.

References

Notes
[3] Fosdick, Raymond Blaine (1989).The story of the Rockefeller Foundation. Transaction [Link] 0-88738-248-7.
This The phrase was pronounced at a school conference and is cited in Hofstadter, Richard; 1959; Social Darwinism in American Thought.
The growth of a large business is merely a survival of the fittest....
American Beauty rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which bring cheer to its beholder only by sacrificing the early buds.
which grow up around it. This is not an evil tendency in business. It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God.

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John D. Rockefeller 11

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John D. Rockefeller Fuente[Link] Contribuyentes: 2001:1388:F906:E0CA:494F:506D:BFB6:9DA7, Aaronilai, Abajo estaba el pez, Abece,
Alastor611, Alelapenya, Antur, Armot, BuenaGente, Cansado, Ceancata, Cheveri, Diego Plaza, Diegusjaimes, Dossier2, El Ayudante, Enrique Cordero, Ermitaño9, Especiales, Fionalux, Gaius
iulius caesar, Gusrams1972, Halfdrag, Icvav, [Link], Jarisleif, Jatrobat, Javi pk, Jethro2, Jfloitegui, Joumandolo, Juan David Bautista, Kintaro, Kokyjabn, Kotor83, Lcampospousa, Leoalco,
LordTomas, Lu Tup, Luisraulgb99, Manuelabeledo, Mar del Sur, Marinna, Matdrodes, Montgomery, Moraleh, Mr. Moonlight, OboeCrack, P.o.l.o., Pacomeflo, Patrickpedia, Puigvert, Pólux,
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