LIFT REDUCER

There are elevators, although in very low proportions, that do not introduce any type of
reducer on the tractor group, they are called 'gearless'. Most of them do
they implement a reducer in the kinematic chain between the brake and the driving pulley.

Currently, practically all reducers are of the worm gear type.

The reducer is made up of a steel worm gear meshed with a bronze crown.
mounted on a cast casing or housing that often forms a set
with the guides on which the engine rests.
The vast majority of elevators incorporate the type of crown gear and worm screw transmission.
Its justification is motivated by the following advantages:
It is a very compact transmission and it is Ja that takes up less space in
comparison with other types of transmissions for a power and an index of
transmission data.
It is the type of transmission that has the least number of moving parts
thus minimizing maintenance and replacement costs
pieces.
It is a very quiet transmission, with the noise level being minimal.
It has an inherent high resistance to impact, which is of utmost importance in the
case of an elevator.
The pressure angle of the screw conveyor is usually between 15 to 20 degrees. If it is increased to
from this value, the teeth are subjected to high compression loads and are
requires the use of lubricants for high pressures.
SPEED RELATION
As previously calculated, the transmission ratio for the elevator is the
next:
1765
= =
52
= 33,9
DESIGN OF THE WORM AND CROWN
NUMBER OF TEETH WORM AND CROWN
it is considered as a single-tooth helical gear and the speed ratio
angles will be:
1
=
Angular velocity of sin fin
Since the relationship is not greater than 50, we will use this equation to design the teeth.
of both gears:
Angular velocity of sin fin
=

1765
=
52
Coronal diameters = 34
So as final data:

Nw 1
Ng 34
Advance Angle
The advance angle is the one formed between the tangent of the screw thread and the line.
perpendicular to the axis of the same.

It is calculated using the following formula:

=
∗
Where:
L= The advance of a screw is the axial distance that a point of the screw would travel.
when it makes a revolution
To calculate the angle we must follow the following steps:
CROWN DIAMETER
To find this data, we must assume the diametral pitch that this gear will have, to
We will use a diameter step of 2.

=2
From the following formula we derive:

We clear and have:

Ng 34
= =
2
Dg = 17 in
2. CIRCULAR STEP
A basic requirement of the worm and wheel set is that the axial pitch of the worm must
be equal to the circular step of the crown.
∗
=

We replace data and we have:

π * 17
=
34
Pc = 1.57 in
3. ADVANCE
The advance of a screw is the axial distance a point on the screw would travel when
this will turn a revolution.

= ∗
As previously mentioned, the pitch of the worm's axial must be equal to the pitch.
circular of the crown, then:

=
We replace data and we have:

L = 1 * 1.57 = 1.57 in
4. DIAMETER OF THE SIN FIN
The diameter of the screw affects the angle of advance, which in turn affects efficiency.
set. For this reason, small diameters are preferred. But for practical reasons,
and to properly size in relation to the crown, it is recommended that the
pitch diameter of this in the following range:
0.875
1.6 < <3

Where:
C = distance between centers.
To start with the calculation, we must assume the distance between centers that can be
to have both gears.
We know that the diameter of the crown is 17 in and its radius is 8.5 in, so its distance
the distance between centers must be greater than the radius, we assume that its center is 2.5 in.

C = 10,25 inAssumed value

Once the distance between centers is assumed, we calculate with both ranges.
The maximum diameter of the screw will be:

0.87510,250.875
= = = 4.78
1.6 1.6
The minimum diameter of the screw conveyor will be:

0.87510,250.875
= = = 2.55 in
3 3
The final diameter of the worm will be the average of both calculated diameters.
so:

Dₜ = 3.5 in
The real distance between centers will be:
( + )
=
2
( 3,5 + 17 )
= = 10,25 in
2
Once these calculations are done, we can obtain the lead angle, then
we replace data and we have:
=
∗
1.57
=
pi * 3.5
= 8,1
CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of output power to input power.
entry.
 − ∗
=
+⁄

Where:

θn = 20
= 8,1
=
Friction plays a key role in the operation of a worm gear set,
because it has, inherently, a sliding contact between the threads of the
worm and the crown teeth. The coefficient of friction depends on the materials
used, the lubricant and the sliding speed
To find the coefficient of friction, it must be calculated with the velocity of
displacement, for this we calculate in the following way:

= ⁄

= ⁄

First we calculate the step line speed:

∗ ∗ π * 3.5 * 1765
= = 1617.3 ft/min
12 12
∗ ∗ π * 17 * 52
= = 231.4 ft/min
12 12
By replacing data we obtain the speed of displacement.

=231.4 ⁄ 8,1= 1642.3 ft/min

=1617.3 ⁄ 8,1= 1634 /

Both speeds are equal, which tells us that the previous calculations are
correct.
Continuing with the calculation of the following graph, we find the friction coefficient.
 = 0,017
Once we have all the values, we replace the data and obtain the efficiency.
− ∗
=
+⁄

Cos 20− 0,017 * Tan8,1

=
Cos 20 + 0,017 ⁄ 8,1
= 0,88
OUTPUT POWER
The output power is the nominal power that the reducer requires for it to
function correctly.
To calculate it is done as follows:

= +
Where:
Po= Output power
Pi = Input power
Pl=Lost power

The output power can also be calculated in the following way:

=

Where:
P_i = 15 Hpthe power of the motor that enters the reducer.
Clearing we have:

= ∗
= 0,88∗ 15
Pyo = 13.2 Hp
The output power must be greater than or equal to the rated power above.
calculated

>
13.2 Hp ≥ 12.5 Hp
CALCULATION OF THE WORM AND CROWN MDESING

For the calculation, we will rely on the MDESING program that will help us design.
For this, we need some previously calculated data.
 ENDLESS - CROWN

Type of the worm gearing Single-enveloping

Normal pressure angle 20°
Diametral pitch Pd = 2 teeth/in
Output power Po = 13.2 hp
Rotational speed of worm nw = 1765 rpm
Desired rotational speed of worm gear ng = 52 rpm
Number of worm threads Nw = 1
Factor of safety SF = 1
Overload factor Ko = 1
Method of casting the bronze Sand-cast bronzes

RESULTS

Actual output speed nag = 51.912 rpm

Number of the teeth in the gear Ng = 34

Ratio of worm gearing m = 33.942

Actual worm gearing ratio ma = 34,000

GEOMETRY

Worm Worm gear

Pitch diameter D = 3,500 17.000 in

Circular pitch p = 1.571 in

Normal circular pitch pn = 1.555 in

Axial pitch px = 1.571 in

Center distance C = 10.250 in

Lead of a worm L = 1.571 in

Lead angle = 8.130 °

Addendum a = 0.500 in

Dedendum b = 0.579 in

Whole depth ht = 1.079 in

Working depth hk = 1.000 in

 Worm Worm gear
Root diameter Dr = 2.343 15.843 in

Outside diameter of worm Dow = .450 in

Throat diameter of gear Dt = 18,000 in

Transverse pressure angle t = 20.187 °

Recommended face width of wormgear Fg = 2.800 in

Recommended length of the worm Fw = 8.246 in

Worm Wormgear
Pitch line speed Vt = 1617.266 231.431 ft/min

Sliding velocity Vs = 1633.685 1636.462 ft/min

FORCE PARAMETERS AND COEFFICIENTS

Coefficient of friction = 0.017

Output torque T0 = 16019.490 [Link]

Tangential Axial Radial

Force on the wormgear Wg = 1884.646 303.695 701.746 lbf

Force on the worm Ww = 303.695 1884.646 701.746 lbf

Friction force Wf = 33.986 lbf

Power loss due to friction Pl = 1.683 hp
Input power Pi = 14.883 hp
Efficiency = 88.695 %

BENDING TENSIONS

Dynamic factor Kv = 0.838

Lewis form factor y = 0.125
Bending stress in the gear teeth = 4130.645 psi
Dynamic load Wd = 2248.117 lbf
Note

Use manganese bronze for gear material.

SURFACE DURABILITY

Material factor Cs = 603.272

Effective face width Be = 2.345 in

Ratio correction factor Cm = 0.821

Velocity factor Resume = 0.195

Rated tangential force Wtr = 2182.860 lbf

Note

Use a hardened steel screw without end (minimum 58 HRC). Because the tangential force
classified greater than the tangential load, the design must be satisfactory

≥
The calculation of the gears is satisfactory, the results obtained previously coincide with the
results calculated with the program.

MATERIAL FOR THE WORM AND CROWN

As the tensile effort is low, any material is suitable for the worm and
corona.
For the worm, steel will be used: 1020 ANNEALED

The crown will be made of bronze: C67500

THERMAL CALCULATION OF THE REDUCER

The heat dissipated by a reducer for a given maximum temperature (K) must be greater
or just like the loss of power Pl.

≥
The dissipated heat is calculated using the following formula:

=∆ ∗ ∗
Where:
∆ It is the increase in temperature (the difference between the maximum temperature
admissible from the outer surface of the transmission and the ambient temperature.
S = It is the outer surface.
k = It is the heat transfer coefficient
The increase in temperature is defined as:
−
∆ = -1.5° ( )
1,03 +0,010,1
√ * np
Where:

= ( ) °
= ( ) °
=
Knowing that the maximum admissible temperature of an oil in the transmission for
The temperature of the elevators is 60°C and the ambient temperature in the city of Sucre is 16°C.
°C, then we proceed to calculate the temperature increase.
60- 16
∆ = -1.5° ( )
103 +0,01√01 * 1765
 ∆θ = 36.3 °K
The exterior surface is calculated as:

S = 9x10-5∗ 1,85

Where:
C = distance between centers

We replace data we have:

S = 9x10-5∗ 2501,85

= 2,45 2

The expression to use for calculating the heat transfer coefficient is:
0,75
k = 6.6 x 10-3* [1 +0,4( ) ]
60
1765 0,75
k = 6.6 x 10-3∗ [1 + 0,4( ) ]
60

= 0,0401 kJ m-2° -1 -1

We replace data and we have:

K = 36.3 * 2.45 *0,0401

K = 3.57 Kw ≈ 4.79 Hp
≥
4.79 Hp ≥ 1.68
Therefore, our reducer is capable of dissipating the energy produced in it.
The calculation is correct.

DESIGN OF REDUCER AXES

AXIS OF THE WORM

To start with the design, we know that the face width of the worm is 8.2 in
≈209mm. Therefore, we propose the following dimensions that the axis will have.

On the axis, the following forces act:

Wt = 304 lbf ≈ 1352 N

W x = 1885 lbf ≈ 8385N

Wr = 702 lbf ≈ 3123 N

Then the axis will have the following forces.

PLAN XZ

CUTTING V

MOMENT M
XY PLAN

V-SHAPED CUTTER

MOMENT M

= √676 +2 1561 =2 1701 N

= √676 +2 1561 =2 1701 N

√
= 111202 +2256866 =281556
2 Nm
Material Selection: Steel AISI 4150 OQT 1300
 Material Properties: Su=127 ksi, Sy116 ksi, 20% ductility, 262 HB
of hardness
Estimated real fatigue resistance: ′ = × × × ×
Sn = 47 ksi; depending on the tensile strength of the material
Cm = 1.00; material factor for forged steel (constant for all shafts)
Cst = 1.00; Factor for bending effort (constant for all axes)
CR= 0.81; reliability factor of 0.99 (constant for all axes)
CS= 0.85; assumed size factor (constant for all axes)
′ = 47 × 1.00× 1.00× 0.81 ×0.85 = 32.36 ≈ 223
63000 ∗
=
63000 ∗ 13.2
= = 472 lb in≈ 53328
1765
Where in sections a and b are the bearings.
DIAMETER BEARING A AND B

2.94 * K ∗ ∗ 2.94 ∗ 3 ∗ 1701 * 2.5

=√ = √ = 13mm
´ 223
Retention factor of the analyte = 1,06
, = 13 * 1,06 = 14mm
WORM DIAMETER C
1
2 2 3
32 × N × 3
=[ × (√ )+ ∗ ( ])
´ 4
1
3
2 2
32 × 2.5 2 × 281556 3 53328
=[ × (√ )+ ∗( ) ] = 40
223 4 800
WORM-ROLLER ESCALATION
The relationship D/d=1.5 will be used; where d is the diameter of the shaft where it is coupled.
bearing 1 (smaller diameter), and D is the diameter of the shaft where the gear is coupled.
40
con D = 40 → = = 27mm
1.5
con d = 14 mm → D = 1.5 × 14 = 21 mm

For the scaling we will use D=27mm

DD = DE = 27mm
The axis of the worm will have the following shape:
 AXIS OF THE CROWN

Wt = 1885 lb_f ≈ 8385N

Wx = 304 lbf ≈ 1352 N
= 702 lb_f ≈ 3123 N

To start with the design, we know that the face width of the worm is 2.8 in
≈71 mm. Therefore, we propose the following measurements for the axis.

PLAN XZ

V-SHAPED CUTTER
MOMENT M

XY PLAN

∗ 1352 ∗ 431
= = = 291356 Nm
2 2

V CUTTING

MOMENT M
 = √4192 +2 504 =2 4222 N

= √4192 +2 3627 =25543 N

√
= 255763 +2 295571 = 2390867 Nm
Material selection: Steel AISI 4150 OQT 1300
Material properties: Su=127 ksi, Sy=116 ksi, 20% ductility, 262 HB
de dureza
Estimated actual fatigue resistance: ′ = × × × ×
Sn = 47 ksi; based on the tensile strength of the material
Cm = 1.00; material factor for forged steel (constant for all axes)
Cst = 1.00; Factor for bending effort (constant for all axes)
CR= 0.81; reliability factor of 0.99 (constant for all axes)
CS= 0.85; assumed size factor (constant for all axes)
′ = 47 × 1.00× 1.00 × 0.81 ×0.85 = 32.36 Ksi ≈ 223 Mpa
63000∗
=
63000∗ 13.2
= 15992 lb in≈ 1806853 Nm
52
Where in sections a and b are the bearings.
DIAMETER BEARING A

2.94 * K ∗ ∗ 2.94 ∗ 3 ∗ 4222 ∗ 2.5

=√ = √ = 21mm
´ 223
Retention factor = 1,06
, = 21 * 1,06 = 22mm
DIAMETER BEARING B

2.94 * K ∗ ∗ 2.94 ∗ 3 ∗ 5543 ∗ 2.5

=√ = √ = 23mm
´ 223
Retention factor anillo = 1,06
, = 23 * 1,06 = 24mm

WORM DIAMETER C
1
2 2 3
32 × N × 3
=[ × (√ )+ ∗ ( ])
´ 4
1
3
2 2
32 × 2.5 2 times 390867 3 1806853
=[ × (√ )+ ∗( ) ] = 47
223 4 800
CROWN-BEARING ESCALATION A
The relationship D/d=1.5 will be used; where d is the diameter of the shaft where it is coupled
bearing 1 (smaller diameter), and D is the diameter of the shaft where the gear is coupled.
47
cpon D = 47 mm → d = = 31mm
1.5
Con d = 21 mm → D = 1.5 × 21 = 31 mm
For the scaling we will use
Dd = 31mm
CROWN-BEARING ESCALATION B
The relationship D/d=1.5 will be used; where d is the diameter of the shaft where it is coupled.
bearing 1 (smaller diameter), and D is the diameter of the shaft where the gear is coupled.
47
cD = 47 mm → d = = 31mm
1.5
cpon d = 23 mm → D = 1.5 × 23 = 31 mm

For the stepping we will use D=34mm

DE = 34mm
The axis of the crown will have the following shape:

BEARING SELECTION

WORM AXIS
BEARING A

Resultados:
 BEARING B

Results:
CROWN AXIS
Bearing A

Resultados:
For bearing B, the same one will be chosen as the previous one since it has the same
diameter and that its radial load is less.305705 C-2RS1.