KNOWLEDGE OF THE

MODULE14 APPLIED MECHANICS

(B.A.E.L)

OFPPT
Office of Vocational Training and Promotion
ROYAUMED
du TravailIN MOROCCO

THEORETICAL SUMMARY
&
PRACTICAL WORK GUIDE

SECTOR: Construction

SPECIALTY: SPECIALIZED TECHNICIAN

WORKSITE MANAGER:
PUBLIC WORKS
LEVEL: SPECIALIZED TECHNICIAN
 SUMMARY

Module presentation
Summary of theory

A- Know how to calculate the different types of fixed and variable costs
A.1 Notions of limit states
A.2 Action combinations
B- Understand the regulations and calculation methods for reinforced concrete
B.1 Mechanical properties of concrete and steels
B.2 Deformations and calculation stresses
C- Knowing how to conduct the study of reinforced concrete for different structures
C.1 Calculation of columns
I – Assessment of requests
II – Calculation of the longitudinal reinforcement
III - Transverse Armatures
IV - Pre-dimensioning of the concrete section
C.2 Calculation of beams at U.L.S and S.L.S
C.2.1 Simple flexion at ultimate limit state (Generalities)
I. Rectangular section without compressed steels
II. Rectangular section with compressed steels
III. Sharp effort
A calculation request
b. Conventional tangential constraint
c. Dimension of the transverse reinforcements
Maximum spacing of reinforcement bars
Spacing of transverse reinforcements
f. Distribution of transverse reinforcements
C.2.2- Simple bending at the service limit state (General information)
I. Calculation constraints (at the E.L.S)
II. Rectangular section without compression steels
III. Rectangular section with compressed steels
C.3- Calculation of slabs
I. Dalle carrying in one direction
II. Doors that swing both ways
III. Calculation of upper steels (hat reinforcements)
C.4 Calculation of foundation footings
I. Calculation Assumptions
II. Sizing of a footing under a wall
III. Sizing of an isolated footing under a column
IV. Constructive Provisions

C.5 Calculation of a retaining wall

Summary of Theory and
M14 : KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED MECHANICS (B.A.E.L)
Practical Work Guide

I. Construction of retaining walls

II. Calculation of earth pressure.
III. Calculation of retaining walls
D- Representation of components in reinforced concrete and understanding the construction arrangements
A. the formwork drawings
B. the reinforcement drawings
Practical Work Guide

TP1: Sizing and reinforcement of columns

TP2: Reinforcement of beams at ULS
TP3: Sizing and reinforcement of foundation footings
EVALUATION
BIBLIOGRAPHY

OFPPT/DRIF 2
Summary of Theory and
M14: KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED MECHANICS (B.A.E.L)
Practical Work Guide

Course 3:
C- Knowing how to study reinforced concrete of different structures

CALCULATION OF POLES
In simple compression
The B.A.E.L rules impose no conditions on the service limit state for the parts subjected to
centered compression. Therefore, the sizing and determination of reinforcements must be
only justify in relation to the ultimate limit state.

I – Evaluation of requests:
The calculation of the normal stress is obtained by applying the combination
basic actions as follows:

Nu= 1.35 G + 1.5 Q

With: G: permanent charge.

charge variable.

In buildings with integral spans, it is necessary to increase the loads.

as follows:

OFPPT/DRIF 3
Summary of Theory and
M14: KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED MECHANICS (B.A.E.L)
Practical Work Guide

II - Calculation of the longitudinal reinforcement:

Mandatory pole section

1. Check the non-buckling condition:

λ = lf/ i ≤ 70 with thefbuckling

length
i: minimum radius of gyration

OFPPT/DRIF 4
Summary of Theory and
M14: KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED MECHANICS (B.A.E.L)
Practical Work Guide

2. Calculate the minimum steel section

Amin≥ max (4u ; 0.2B/100)

With u : perimeter of the pole in m

B: cross-section of the pole in cm²
4cm² / m of perimeter

3. Calculate the steel section based on the normal force Nu

The concrete section and the steel section must be able to balance the effort.
final normal number.

Brf c28 f
Nu +Ath e
0.9γb γs

N uB r f c28γ s
Ath≥ −
α 0.9γbf e

OFPPT/DRIF 5
Summary of Theory and
M14: KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED MECHANICS (B.A.E.L)
Practical work guide

No: Ultimate normal effort in MN 1cm

Br: reduced concrete section in m²
Slenderness ratio Br
A thsteel section in m² 1cm
fc28and fein MPa
1cm 1cm

Buckling coefficient values

Yes λ ≤50 = 0.85

1 + 0.2 (λ/35)²

50 < λ ≤ 70 =0.6 (50/λ)²

Yes

Furthermore:
. If more than half of the charges are applied after 90 days =
. If more than half of the charges are applied before 90 days
01.1 / ≤=≤
. If the majority of the loads is applied at an age j < 28 days = /
1.20 and we replace fc28by fcj

4. Calculate the maximum steel section

Amax5.B/100 with B: concrete section in cm²

A: steel section in cm²

5. Check that:

The final steel section: Asc= max ( Ath; Amin)

And that 0.2B/100 ≤ AscAmax

III - Transverse armatures:

OFPPT/DRIF 6
Summary of Theory and
M14: KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED MECHANICS (B.A.E.L)
Practical work guide

The main role of transverse reinforcements is to prevent buckling.

longitudinal steels.

Their diameter is such that:

max≥/3tφ
lφ

Values of their spacing

t ≤ min(40 cm; a + 10 cm; 15φl min )
Number of transverse steel courses to be placed along the overlap length
must be at least 3

IV - Preliminary sizing of the concrete section

1. Set a slenderness λ≤35

2. Determine the buckling coefficient (λ = 35 ≤ 0.708
3. Calculate the reduced section of concrete with Ath= 0 from the relationship that allows to
calculate the normal effort.

Brf c28 f
Nu∣ ∣ +Ath e
0.9γb γs
We shoot:
Br ≥ 0.9γbNu /αfc28

Br in m²
Now in MN
fc28in MPa

With = 0.708 and γb= 1.5 on a : Br = 1.907 Nu /αfc28

4. Calculate the dimensions of the pole.

- If the section is square: 2 lf/λαa≤0.02
3 + Br
- If the section is rectangular:
a ≥ 2lf/λ3

bα Br + 0.02 if b < a b = a (square post)

(a - 0.02)
Br in m²
OFPPT/DRIF 7
Summary of Theory and
M14: KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED MECHANICS (B.A.E.L)
Practical work guide

lfin m
a and b in m

Consideration of longitudinal reinforcements

- If λ ≤ 35 all the longitudinal bars arranged in the section are taken into account
account.
- Only the reinforcements that increase the stiffness of the column are taken into account.
in the buckling plan.

OFPPT/DRIF 8
Summary of Theory and
M14: KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED MECHANICS (B.A.E.L)
Practical work guide

POLES
Centered compression
Data:
Basic combination :Nu= 1.35G + 1.5Q
Buckling length: lf
Section of the pole :a, b or d
Materials :fc28, fe

lf
λ= 2 3 rectangular section
a
lf
λ= 4 circular section
D

No
λ 70 composite flexion

Yes

Yes λ 50 No

0.85 2
50
(
(
α= 2 )
1 + 0 . 2λ ) α= 0.6 λ
35

Br(a - 0.02)(b - 0.02) type of section Br=π(d - 0.02)² /4

N u B rf c28γ s
Ath≥ −
α 0.9γbf e

A(4u) = 4u (in cm²)

A(0.2 %) = 0.2B/100

Amin= sup(A(4u)A0.2%)

Asc= sup(Ath; Amin)

0.2B/100 Asc 5B/100

Transverse armatures Spacing of frames

φt > φ/3lmax t<inf ( 15φlmin40cm a+10cm

OFPPT/DRIF 9
Summary of Theory and
M14: KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED MECHANICS (B.A.E.L)
Practical Work Guide

CALCULATION OF POLES EXERCISES

in simple compression

EXERCISE I

It is to determine the reinforcements of a rectangular column with a section of 40x30 cm subjected to a

normal effort centered Nu=1800 KN.
This pole is part of the framework of a multi-story building, its buckling length is for
The value lf=3m. The longitudinal reinforcements are made of FeE400 steel.
The concrete has a compressive strength at 28 days fc28=25 MPa.
Most charges are applied only after 90 days.

1. determine the section of the longitudinal and transverse reinforcements as well as their spacing.
2. Make the choice of steels and the reinforcement scheme of the cross-section.

SOLUTION
Longitudinal armatures
300
= 2 3 =34.64 <50
30
0.85 0.85
=
( 2=
( 2

=0.71
1 + 0 . 2λ ) 0 .34.6
35
1 + 2
35 )
1.8 0.1064x25 1.15
Ath ≥ − 1.623.10-3m²
0.71 1.35 400
Ath=16.23 cm² or 4 T 20 + 2 T 16(16.58 cm²)
Amin = max(4u, 0.2B/100)
4 u = 4(0.4 + 0.3).2 = 5.6 cm²
0.2 B/100= 0.2(40x30)/100 =2.4 cm²
Amin5.6 cm² hence Asc16.23 cm²
Transverse armatures

Eat > Drinkmax/3 = 20/3 = 6.66 mm we take Øt = 8 mm

t < min { 0.4 ; a+0.1 ; 15 beer/min }
t < min { 40 cm; 40 cm; 15x1.6=24 cm} we take t=20 cm
2T16
c > Beer max=20mm c=2cm 2

30 cad+epT8(esp20)

4T20
40

OFPPT/DRIF 10
Summary of Theory and
M14: KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED MECHANICS (B.A.E.L)
Practical work guide

EXERCISE II

An isolated column of an industrial building supports an ultimate normal compressive force.

Nu=1.8 MN. Its free length is l0= 4.00m. This pole is embedded at the base in its foundation.
and supposed to be articulated at the head.

Material characteristics:
Concrete fc28=25 MPa
Steel FeE400
Assuming that the slenderness of the column is close to ≤ 35 and that the section of the column is
circular.
1. Determine the dimensions of the section.
2. Calculate the complete reinforcement of the column and represent the cross section of it.
pole.

SOLUTION

Longitudinal armatures

l0
l f= = 2.83m
2
4 lf/D1D1= 4x2.83 /35= 0.32m
=0.85/[ 1+ 0.2( 35/35)²] =0.708
Br ≥ 0.9 ≤ b Nu/≤. fc28 Br ≥ 0.9x 1.5x 1.8/0.708x 25

[Link]
Br ≥ 0.137m² D2= +0.02
π
D2= 0.437 =0.44m D= min(D1, D2)=min(0.32,0.44)
So, we take D = 35 cm.
Let's calculate Br = π(D - 0.02)² / 4 = 0.085m²

No Brfc28 γ S
Ath ≥ − .
α 0.9γb fe

1.8 0.085 x 25 1.15

Ath ≥ − . =2.784.10-3square meters
0.708 1.35 400
Ath = 27.84 cm²
Amin = max (4u, 0.2B/100)
4 u = 4πx 0.35 = 4.39 cm² ; 0.2 B/100 = 0.2(π x 35²/4)/100 = 1.92 cm²

Amin = 4.4 cm² hence Asc = 27.84 cm² Soit 9H.A 20(28.27 cm²)

OFPPT/DRIF 11
Summary of Theory and
M14: KNOWLEDGE OF APPLIED MECHANICS (B.A.E.L)
Practical work guide

[Link] armatures 35

Øt ≥ Ølmax / 3 = 20 / 3 = 6.66 mm we take Øt = 8 mm 2

t < min { 0.4 ; a+0.1 ; 15 L/min } 9H.A20
t < min { 40 cm ; 45 cm ; 15 ≤ 2 = 30 cm }

we take t=25 cm
c ≥ Ølmax=20mm c=2cm cadT8(4.p.m)

OFPPT/DRIF 12