3.
EMERGING APPROACHES IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT – THREE STAGES
I. Pre-disaster Stage (Preparedness & Mitigation)
• Hazard zonation maps for identifying risk zones.
• Forecasting & early warning systems.
• Disaster preparedness plans: evacuation, shelters, communication.
• Land use zoning to avoid construction in risky areas.
• IEC: Information, Education & Communication for public awareness.
• Disaster-resistant construction.
• Reducing population in high-risk zones.
• General awareness.
II. Emergency Stage (During Disaster)
• Search, rescue & emergency operation training.
• Immediate relief: food, water, shelter, medicine.
• Rapid assessment surveys for damage and needs.
III. Post-disaster Stage (Rehabilitation & Reconstruction)
• Political & administrative measures for rebuilding.
• Social rehabilitation & psychological support.
• Economic recovery through compensation & job support.
• Environmental restoration.
4. NATURAL DISASTER REDUCTION & MANAGEMENT
• Immediate relief to affected people.
• Prediction of natural hazards and disasters.
• Adjustment measures: safe buildings, crops, evacuation, planning.
Institutions and Their Roles:
• Meteorological Observatory – weather monitoring & cyclone warnings.
• Seismological Observatory – earthquake monitoring.
• Volcanology Institution – volcano study & predictions.
• Hydrology Laboratory – water studies: floods, droughts.
• Industrial Safety Inspectorate – prevents industrial hazards.
• Urban & Regional Planners – safe city planning.
• Chambers of Architects – safer building designs.
• Engineering Council – engineering safety standards.
• National Standards Committee – national guidelines & protocols.
Integrated Planning & Preparedness
• Disaster education.
• Community involvement in preparedness.
• Adjusting human settlements away from risk zones.
• Role of media: warnings, awareness, information.
• GIS application in mapping, monitoring & evacuation planning.
5. REGIONAL SURVEY OF DISASTERS (INDIA)
• Land Subsidence – ground sinking due to mining, groundwater extraction.
• Coastal Disasters – cyclones, tsunamis, coastal erosion.
• Cyclonic Disasters – strong winds, heavy rain, storm surge.
• Hill Disasters – landslides, cloudbursts, flash floods.
Ecological Planning for Sustainability
• Protecting forests, rivers, biodiversity.
• Eco-friendly development practices.
Sustainable Development in India
• Balanced use of natural resources without harming future generations.
Sustainable Rural Development
• Improving agriculture, water conservation, local livelihoods.
Role of Panchayats in Disaster Mitigation
• Local awareness, shelter management, rescue support, relief distribution.
Environmental Policies & Programmes in India
• Disaster Management Act 2005.
• NDMA guidelines.
• CRZ rules.
• Forest & environment protection laws.
National Centres & Institutions for Disaster Reduction
• NDMA, NIDM, IMD, ISRO, NDRF.