Module 8: Stoichiometry II
OUTLINE
OUTLINE
A. Presentation of the Lesson
1. Reaction Stoichiometry
2. Limiting Reagent, Theoretical Yield, Actual Yield
OUTCOMES
OUTLINE
At the end of this module, you should be able to answer the following
questions:
1. Distinguish between theoretical and actual yield, and limiting and
excess reagents
2. Recommend ways in computing problems involving formulas,
percentage composition and mass relations
3. Selects reagents as to its role in chemical reactions
OVERVIEW
Reaction stoichiometry is the study of the quantitative relationships
among reactants and products in a chemical reaction.
The Basis of Stoichiometry
The science of stoichiometry is possible because it rests upon the law
of conservation of mass. Since matter can neither be created nor
destroyed, nor can a chemical reaction transform one element into
another element, we can be sure that the mass of each individual
element present in the reactant(s) of a given reaction must necessarily be
accounted for in the product(s). This physical law is what makes all
stoichiometric calculations possible. However, we can only perform these
calculations correctly if we have a balanced chemical equation with which
to work.
The preceding chapter introduced the use of element symbols to
represent individual atoms. When atoms gain or lose
electrons to yield ions, or combine with other atoms to form molecules,
their symbols are modified or combined to generate chemical formulas
that appropriately represent these species. Extending this symbolism to
represent both the identities and the relative quantities of substances
undergoing a chemical (or physical) change involves writing an balancing
a chemical equation.
LESSON PROPER
A balanced chemical equation gives more information than simply
reactants and products. Consider the equation for the reaction between calcium oxide
and hydrochloric acid given in the following table. Study the framework because it will
be your guide in solving problems involving stoichiometric calculation.
In a balanced chemical equation, if the amount of one reactant or product
is given, stoichiometry indicates the amounts of every other reactant and product.
This is so because a balanced equation summarizes the quantitative relationships
among the amounts of reactants and products
ReactIon Stoichiometry Framework
Name of
calcium hydrochloric
calcium
1 reactants and + + Water
oxide acid chloride
. products
2 Balanced
CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
. equation
3 Number of
. moles of
1 mol 2 mol 1 mol 1 mol
products and
reactants
4 Molar masses
g g g g
. of each of the 56 36 110 18
mol mol mol mol
substances
1 mol x 56 2 mol x 1 mol x 1 mol x
5 Stoichiometry g g g g
36 = 72 110 18 =
. masses mol mol mol mol
= 56 g g =110 g 18 g
6
Total mass Reactants = 128 g Products = 128 g
.
7 Number of
6.02 x
. particles in 6.02 x 1023 2(6.02 x 1023 6.02 x 1023
1023
each molecules molecules) molecules
molecules
substance
Problem Solving Examples:
1. Using the chemical equation below, how many moles of carbon dioxide are
produced when 5 moles of oxygen react with methane?
5 mole X
CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O
2 mol 1 mol
By ratio and proportion:
X 5 mol
1 mol 2 mol
(5 mol) (1 mol)
X
2 mol
X 2.5 mol CO2
2. Propane, C3H8, is a common fuel used for cooking and home heating. What mass
of O2 is consumed in the combustion of 1.00 g of propane?
1.0 g X
C3H8 + 5O2
3CO2 + 4H2O
1 mol 5 mol
44 32
g g
mol mol
mass= 44 g 160 g
By ratio and proportion:
X 1.0 g
160 g 44 g
(1.0 g)(160 g)
X
44 g
X 3.64 g O 2
3. Pure silver can be obtained by heating Ag2CO3.
Δ
2Ag2 CO3 4Ag 2CO 2 O2
Given 1.8 x 1024 molecules of Ag2CO3,
a. How many atoms of Ag are produced?
b. How many molecules of CO2 are produced?
1.8 x 1024 X1 X2
molecules
2Ag2CO3
4Ag + 2CO2 + O2
2 mol 4 mol 2 mol
#particles= 1.2x1024 2.41x1024 1.2X1024
molecules atoms molecules
X1 1.8 x 10 24 molecules
2.41 x 10 24 atoms 1.2 x 10 24 molecules
(1.8 x 10 24 molecules) (2.41 x 10 24 atoms)
X1
1.2 x 10 24 molecules
X 1 3.6 x 10 24 atoms Ag
X2 1.8 x 10 24 molecules
1.2x10 24 molecules 1.2 x 10 24 molecules
(1.8 x 10 24 molecules) (1.2 x 10 24 molecules)
X2
1.2 x 10 24 molecules
X 2 1.8 x 10 24 molecules CO 2
Limiting Reagent, Theoretical Yield, Actual Yield In
the previous problems, the reactants supplied are in the exact ratio described by the
balanced equations. They are said to be in stoichiometric amounts. But in actual
applications, this is hardly the case. Most often, reactants available are in other
proportions. In a situation where a reactant exceeds that of the required amount, the
reactant is called the excess reagent and the reactant that is completely used up is
called the limiting reagent.
All calculations presented so far assumed 100% yield. The calculated amount of
product in a chemical reaction is called theoretical yield of the reaction. However,
there are some factors in the laboratory and chemical manufacturing plant that cause
some loss in yield. The amount of product that is actually produced is called the
actual yield. Actual yields are lowered by the competition of side reactions or by
losses that occur during the isolation and purification process. The percent yield is
defined as
actual yield
Percent yield x 100%
theoretical yield
Problem Solving Example:
If 30.2 grams calcium oxide is added to 34.5 grams HCl, determine the limiting reagent
and calculate the following:
a. weight of CaCl2 formed
b. weight of the excess reagent , and
c. percentage yield of CaCl2 if 30.5 grams of CaCl2 were formed.
Solution:
MW CaO = 56 g mol
MW HCl = 36 g mol
MW CaCl2 = 110 g mol
#moles= 30.2g 34.5g X
0.539 0.958
g g
56 36
mol mol
CaO + 2HCl
CaCl2 + H2O
1 mol 2 mol 1 mol
mass= 56 g 72 g 110 g
Determine how many moles of CaCl2 will be produced if 30.2 g CaO is completely
used up in the reaction.
X 0.539 mol
1 mol 1 mol
X 0.539 mol CaCl 2
Determine how many moles of CaCl2 will be produced if 34.5 g HCl is completely used
up in the reaction.
X 0.958 mol
1 mol 2 mol
X 0.479 mol CaCl 2
Since 0.479 mol is the lesser moles of product (CaCl2) formed, therefore HCl is the
limiting reagent.
a. Weight of CaCl2 formed
Since HCl is the limiting reagent, once the available amount of HCl (34.5 g) is
completely consumed, the reaction stops.
34.5 g X
CaO + 2HCl
CaCl2 + H2O
2 mol x 36 1 mol x
g/mol 110 g/mol
mass=> =72 g =110 g
X 34.5 g
110 g 72 g
X 52.7 g CaCl 2
b. Weight of Excess Reagent
excess CaO = available CaO – consumed CaO
determine first the amount of CaO consumed when 34.5 g of HCl is completely
used up.
X 34.5 g
CaO + 2HCl
CaCl2 + H2O
1 mol x 56 2 mol x 36
g/mol g/mol
mass= =56 g =72 g
X 34.5 g
56 g 72 g
X 26.8 g CaO
Therefore, excess CaO = 30.2 g – 26.8 g = 3.4 g
c. % yield CaCl2 if 30.5 g CaCl2 were formed.
actual yield
Percent yield x 100%
theoretica l yield
30.5 g
x 100%
52.7 g
58%
Exercise No. 11
Stoichiometry II
score
Name: Date:
________________________________________ _____________
Instructor: Section:
______________________________________ _____________
Solve the following problems completely.
1. The electrolysis of water is shown as
2H2O
2H2 O2
a. How many moles of water are needed to produce 5.00 moles of hydrogen?
b. How many moles of oxygen are produced when 2.50 moles of water is
electrolyzed?
[Link], N2H4, used a rocket fuel and in making pesticides is prepared from the
reaction
[Link] many grams of NH3 are used to produce 32 g of N2H4?
[Link] many molecules of NaOH are needed to produce 1.2 x 1024 molecules of H2O?
[Link] many particles of Cl2 is needed to produce 32 g of N2H4?
[Link] alcohol, methanol (CH3OH), is used in the preparation of many chemicals.
Methanol is produced from the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at high
temperature and pressure.
[Link] 10.00 g of CO reacts with 8.00 g of H2,
[Link] is the limiting reagent?
[Link] much of the excess reagent remains unreacted?
[Link] many grams of methanol was produced?
[Link] the chemical equation: S(s) + O2(g) → SO3(g)
Balance the equation.
How many molecules of O2 are needed when 38 atoms of S react?
For the balanced chemical equation:
6. 6H+(aq) + 2MnO4−(aq) + 5H2O2(ℓ) → 2Mn2+(aq) + 5O2(g) + 8H2O(ℓ)
how many molecules of H2O are produced when 75 molecules of H2O2 react?
[Link] the balanced chemical reaction
2C6H6(ℓ) + 15O2(g) → 12CO2(g) + 6H2O(ℓ)
how many molecules of CO2 are produced when 56 molecules of C6H6 react?
[Link] the balanced chemical equation
Fe2O3(s) + 3SO3(g) → Fe2(SO4)3
how many molecules of Fe2(SO4)3 are produced if 321 atoms of S are reacted?
[Link] the balanced chemical equation
CuO(s) + H2S(g) → CuS + H2O(ℓ)
how many molecules of CuS are formed if 9,044 atoms of H react?
[Link] the balanced chemical equation
Fe2O3(s) + 3SO3(g) → Fe2(SO4)3
suppose we need to make 145,000 molecules of Fe2(SO4)3. How many molecules of
SO3 do we need?
11. One way to make sulfur hexafluoride is to react thioformaldehyde, CH2S, with
elemental fluorine:
CH2S + 6F2 → CF4 + 2HF + SF6
If 45,750 molecules of SF6 are needed, how many molecules of F2 are required?
READINGS AND REFERENCES
OUTLINE
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Waterman
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Pearson Education Pte. Ltd.
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Fogiel, M. Chemistry Super Review. New Jersey: Research
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Loyola Student Center and Berea Arts and Sciences High
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Quezon City: ECC Graphics Printing Services. 2006.
Redmore, Fred H. Fundamentals of Chemistry. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall Inc. 1979.
Sackheim, George and Lehman, Dennis. Chemistry for the
Health Sciences. Singapore: Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd.
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Simon and Schuster. SAT Chemistry, 2006-2007 Edition.
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Chemical Formulas (Text and Module with Worksheets).
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PNU Physical Science Reviewer
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