[Link] MAGNETIC INDUCTION ‘The phenomenon of generating emf or current by changing magnetic fields is called electromagnetic induction. The emf so developed is called induced emf. Ifthe conductor is in the form of a closed eireuit a current can flow in the eireuit, This is called induced current. Magnetic flux: The magnetic flue through any surface ina magnetic field is the total number of magnetic lines of force crossing this surface normally. Tt is measured as the product of the component of the magnetic field normal to the surlaee and the surface area For a uniform magnetic field B crossing the plane of area A at an angle @ with the normal to the plane is = BAcos6| given by If the field is nonuniform over an area, the surface can be divided in to many small atea elements dA assuming the field His uniform within that Then flux through area element dA is dp=B-dA =B cos dA ‘Then the flux of B through the whole area Ais @ ~ [BAA If the coil bas N turns, total amount of magnetic flux linked with the coil [g: ‘NBA cos6] Magnetic flux isa scalar quantity. It8'S.1 unit is weber joule _ joulesce weber = voltsee (B ampere coulomb min and p= BAcosO unit of magnetic moment Am’) FARADAY’S AND HENRY’S EXPERIMENTS: Expt I: Current induced by a magnet: Tt was observed that i) when the bar magnet is at rest, the gelvanometer shows no detTeetion.When north pole of the bar magnet moved towards the coil, galvanometer shows deflection in one direction indicating flow of current in the coil iii) When north pole ofthe bar magnet moved away from the coil, galvanometer again shows deflection but now in the opposite direction indicating flow of eurrent in the coil but in the opposite direction. iv) The deflection of the galvanometer was large when the bar magnet was moved faster either towards or away from the coil Conclusion: i) whenever there is a relative motion between a coil and a magnet induced current flows through the coil ii) Large induced emf or curre coil is large. s produced in the coil if the relative motion between the magnet and the iii) Current lasts in the eoil as long as the movement of the magnet with respect to the coil continues. Expt2: Current induced by a coil: Bar magnet was replaced by @ coil of insulated copper wire wound on a Wooden core. Coils were not connected physically with one another. One coil was connected to a battery. This coil was called primary coil C. The second coil placed near the first coil connected to a sensitive galvanometer was called secondary coil C Observations: It was observed that i the gal vanometer shows deflection when coil C moved towards iii) When coil C moved away-fiom coil C° the galvanometer in the secondary cireuit showed a deflection but in the opposite direction. i) I the wooden care is replaced by iron core galvanameter showed large deflection Conclusion: Emfis induced and thus current is produced in a conducting coil when there is relative motion between a current carrying eoil and the nearby conducting coil Expt3: Current induced by changing current: Inthis experiment two eoils C and C” wound ona wooden core, The coil C is connected toa battery through a key.‘Observations: i)Galvanometer shows momentary deflection when key is pressed. ii) On releasing the key the galvanometer shows deflection but in the opposite direction. iii) Deflection inereases when wooden core replaced by iron core. Conclusion: The coils have no relative motion yet changing current in primary coil induces emf in the secondary coil. Faraday"s Laws of electromagnetic induction: First Law: Whenever magnetic flux linked with a conductor changes, an emf is induced init, This induced emf lasts so long as the change in magnetic fi continues in the coil Second law: The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the conductor. Let g, be magnetic flux changes to gin timet ‘Then induced emf Lena’s law: Ii states that the direction of the induced current in a circuit is such that it opposes the cause or the change which produces it. i) When the north pole of a magnet is moved towards a elosed coil, the induced current in the eoil flows in the anticlockwise direction as seen from magnet side, The fice of the coil towards the magnet develops north polarity and thus it opposes the motion of the north pole of the magnet towards the coil which is the cause of the induced current in the coil. Hence work has to be done in moving the magnet towards the col ii) When the north pole of @ magnet is taken away’ from a closed coil, the induced current in the coil flows clockwise as seen from the magnet side. Thus the face of the coil towards the magnet develops south polarity and atiraets the north pole of the magnet and thus it opposes the motion of the magnet away’ from the coil. Hence work has to be done in taking the magnet away from the coil‘The work done against the force of attraction or repulsion results in the flow of induced current, Thus only the mechanical work is converted in to electrical energy On the contrary, if the induced current flows in the same direction, then the magnet will not experience any ‘opposing force. For example, we want to move the magnet towards the coil then because of attractive foree experienced by the magnet, no need for us to do any mechanical work in pushing the magnet towards the ity of the magnet increases and hence inerease in induced emf coil. Because of attractive force the velo attracts the magnet with a greater force. Thus the induced current keeps on increasing, and tend to infinity ‘Thus infinite electrical energy is produced without any work done whieh violates law of conservation of energy. Thus induced current must flow in such a way to oppose the cause which induces it. I the eireu direction of the induced emf'ean be found using Lenz’s law: is open loop in that ease too an emt is induced across the open ends of the eireuit and the ao Thus after Lenz law , the induced emt }e-=——7 Fleming’s Right Hand Rule: [/ we siretch the fore finger, middle finger and dnb of our right hand in mutually perpendicular directions such that fore finger represents the direction of the magnetic field. numb represents the direction of motion of the conductor then the middle finger represents the direction of induced current. Methods of generating induced emf: ‘The magnetic flux linked with a cireuit is given by p~ BA eos) Emf can be induced by changing the flux. Thus emf ean be induced by ie field B i) Changing the magn fi) Changing the area A of the coil iii) Changing the relative orientation @ 1. Induced emf by changing the magnetic field B In Faraday’s experiment (i) the motion of the magnet towards or away fiom the coil changes the magnetic field, In experiment (iii) changing current in one produces a changing magnetic field. 2. Induced emf by changing the area A- Motional emf: ‘The emf induced eross the ends of « conductor due to its motion in « magnetic field is called motional emt. ; |Consider a conductor PQ of length / free to move on U- shaped conducting rails situated in a uniform magnetic ficld B directed normally in to the plane of paper. ‘The conductor PQ is moved inwards with a speed v. As the conductor slides towards left, the area of the rectangular loop PQRS decreases. This Acereases the magnet flu Tinked with the closed loop, Hence an emis set up across the ends of conductor PQ because of which the induced current flows in the circuit along PORS. Suppose a length x of the loop lies inside the magnetic field at any instant t” then the magnetic flux linked with the loop PORS is @ = BA cos Here 8 = 97 BA-Bix . Induced emf (Bis) __ ds, a a = BW] Since - & ~v and velocity is in the direction of decreasing,direction of [Link] emf is called motional emf, Motional emf from Lorents force and energy consid eration:NO DERIVATION A conductor has large number of free electrons, When it moves through « magnetic ficld a Lorentz. force acting on the free clectrons and ean set up a current, As the arm PQ moved in a uniform magnetic field which is directed in to the plane of the paper with a speed v, the clectrons of PQ also move with the same speed. The electrons experience a magnetie Lorentz force. Aczording to Fleming’s left hand rule this force acts in the direction Q to P and hence the fice electrons will move towards [Link] a negative charge accumulates at P and a positive charge at (2. Thus an electric field K is set up in the conductor from Q to P. This field exerts a force F, = gE on the five electrons. The accumulation of charges at the ends continues till these two forces balance cach otheric gl ~ qvB orvB: ‘The potential difference between the ends Q and P is V=E/ = Bvi Clearly the magnetic force on the free electrons that maintains the potential difference and produces the emf ¢ — Biv Lat be the resistance of the movable arm PQ ignoring resistance of the other arms, Ba _eumrent inthe Loop, I eer fs Bw Biv ‘Thus the conductor PQ experiences a foree F = [/Bsin90 = «1B PQ exp sind0 = 7 Thus the power supplied by the external force to maintain the motion of the movable arm=Fxy= (1 v R i ‘Also, power dissipated as heat loss op_ (BW) p_ BY =FR= R= pree-() Roy From (1) and (2) the mechanical energy expended to maintain the motion of the movable arm is first converted in to electrical energy and then in to thermal energy. In the case of a stationary conductor when the magnetic field is changing, the foree on its charges is given by F=q(E+Vv» B) since v= 0, F =qE. Thus, to explain the existence of induced emf we must a thata time varying magnetie field generates an electric field. Charges in motion ean exert foree on a stationary magnet. Converse foree on the stationary charge. This is the fundamental signi a bar magnet int motion ean exert a nee oF the Faraday’s discovery Emf induced in a rotating roi ‘Suppose the rod completes one revolution in time“, then the change in ux = B4cos@ -Bxxl? :0=0 Induced emt fe| = 2% at Balt 2 sine T= 7 ae © 4 pro] 2 - Induced eurrent Heat dissipation in RR 3. Induced emf by changing the relative orients m of the Consider a coil ABCD fiee to roiate in a magnetic field. The axis of rotation of the eol is perpendicular to the field B. The flux through the coil when its normal makes an angle @ with the field is given by 9 BAcost Ifthe coil rotates with an angular veloci y © and turns through an angle ina time t then =e 69 BA coset As the coil rotates, the magnetic tha linked with it changes inducing an emt =. 98 = at a - “(BA cost) = BAe sinat al ) @ w Ifthe coil has N tums, then the total induced emf will be (e= NBA@ sina] If [e,=NBAo] then[e= «, sina i)When wf -0, the plane of the coil is perpendicular to B, then s ~0. ii) When of 7 . the plane of the coil is parallel to B, then ¢~6, iii) When @ ~ , the plane of the coil is perpendicular to B then ¢—0 * the plane of the coil is parallel to B, then «= iv) When a v) When ot = 2z the plane of the coil is perpendicular to B, then «—0 SELF INDUCTION: When a varying current is passed in a coil, current is induced in the same coil. This phenomenon is called self-induction. When a key is pressed, the current starts increasing. Due to this the magnetic field linked with the coil increases. As a result of this current is induced in the coil. But by Lenz's law the direetion of th current is to oppose the growth of current. Similarly when the key is released, the current in the coil and hence the magnetic field decrease. Due to this, current is indueed in such a direction to oppose the decay of current,coi “PUBERTY th Experiment to demonstrate self-induction: 1, Connect two lamps in parallel to each other, one through ohmic resistor and the other through a coil, Connect this combination across a battery through one way key as shown, When key K is pressed itis found that the lamp B; glows immediately with brilliance, but lamp Bz glows slowly is 2. Spark is produced in the electric switch when the light is switched off. When the circuit is switched off, current in the switch begins to decrease rapidly. Due to this a large induced emf is set up across the switch hich also flows in the direction. Thus a large current flows which results in sparks, Coefficient of self-induct current [ through itis, {any instant the magnetic flux @ linked with a coil is proportional to the pal (=U a) Where 1. is culled self-inductance or inductance, [tis also called coefficient of sel{-induetion of the coil For a closely wound coil of N turns. the same magnetic flux is linked with all the turns. When the flux through the coil changes, each tum contributes to the induced emf. The term called flux linkage refers to No. ‘The selfinductanee depends only on the ecometry of the coil and intrinsic material properties. This is similar to capscitance for a parallel plate capacitor which depends on plate area , separation (geometry) and dicleetrie constant of the medium sat ‘inductance is a sealar quantity. It has dimension MI Self-inductance ofa coil is mmerically equal to the magnesic flux linked with the coil when a tit current Alows through it Itpilays the role of [Link] the electromagnetic analogue of mass From (1)When current changes at the rate of one ampere per second the emf induced in the coil is numerically equal to the self-inductance of the coil. Its 8.1 unit is henry. One henry = one volt-see’ampere Self-Inductance of a long solenoid: Consider a long solenoid of length 1 and having. n tums per unit length. Ifa current I flows through the coil, then the magnotic field inside the coil is almost constant and is given by B= pal ‘Magnetic flux linked per tum = BA = inlA . Total magnetic flux = total number of tums x flux linked with each tum AN N= total [Link] turns N =p, “ran wT p.N?AL a But y= If the coil is wound over @ material of relative permeability yz, then Self inductance of a coil depends on its geometry and on the permeability of the medium. Factors on which self-inductance depends Lan Lad iiiyL @ a, ENERGY ASSOCIATED WIH AN INDUCTOR: duced emf When an inductor is connested to a source of emf, the current starts growing through it. An i is set up in the inductor which opposes the growth of current through it, The external source has to expend energy in building up the current through the inductor against the induced emf. This energy stored in the inductor as magnetic field energy. If the current flowing through the inductor is I then the induced emf is,‘The workdone against the induced emf in small time dt is aw -ctat 14 Tat . Pdt=dW and P= el = Lidl ‘Total work done in building up the current from 0 to Lis Magnetic energy in terms of B, A, / 1 We know that, U= 22 sss (1 dl zu ay Also B = jin fora solenoid ---- (2) ‘And Self-induetance of a long solenoid, L a Put (2) in (1) we get, {BY o ao " +3) Using (3) in the above equation we get, ana, nen? u u Energy density, u= ail vay density Velungy AT MUTUAL INDUCTION: Mutual induction is the phenomenon of production of induced emf in one coil when a varying current is passed in the neighbouring cotl Consider two coils P and Q placed close to each other. The coil P is connected in series to a battery and a tapping key. The coil $ is connected to a galvanometer. When the key is pressed the current in the coil varies and hence the magnetic field. Thus the magnetic flux linked with the coil S also changes and henee a current is induced in the coil S. Thus there is a defleetion in the gal vanometer. 10\dlucti Coefficient of mutual ‘Magnetic flux linked with the secondary coil is proportional to the current in the primary coil 1) 9,21, — [@=ML] The proportionality constant M is called the mutual inductance or coefficient of mutual induction of the two coils, Mele On ditterentiating (1) and putting in e~ - 4 at dt ‘Thus the mutual inductance of two coils és equal to the magnetic flux linked with one coil when the current in the other coit is unity. ‘The mutual inductance of two coils ean also be defined as the induced emf set up in one coil when the current in the neighbouring coil changes at the rate of one ampere/second, The S.1 unitof mutual induction is hemry. Mutual inductance of two long solenoids: Let 11,1, be [Link] tums per unit length of S,.8,, respectively Let A be common area of coils, the area of coil 8, Lot N,N, be the total [Link] turns of §.S, respectively. Lot us pass a varying current I through S2 ‘The magnetic field set up inside S> By > onl, Magnetic flux linked with S, 9, -B,AN, = Hott gLAN, He “ELAN, uHNN Aly But 9, ~My Since @. Ml, where M,,is the mutual inductance of coil 1 with respect to coil 2. TANNA (Similarly, 9,- ML, where M,,is the mutual inductance of coil 2 with respect to coil 1, and if ean be HN NA shown that Mi = 42 Thus [M,— M Thus the mutual inductance of two coils is the property of their combination. Incase if medium of relative permeability 1, had been present then the mutual inductance would be Halt, NINA, 1 If the inner solenoid was much s jorter than outer solenoid then also We can calculate the flux linkage because the inner solenoid is effectively immersed in a uniform magnetic field due to the outer solenoid. In this n of Miz would be easier than Mzi, So equality of Mis and Mot is very useful.) isc calcul It depends on i) number of turns as Ma N,N, it) Common area of cross section as M a A 1 ‘ance between the solen iii) Relative separation: Ma iv) Relative orientation’ M is maximum when one coil is wound over the other and least when the coils are at right angles, MUTUAL INDUCTANCE BETWEEN PAIR OF CONCENTRIC COILS Let us consider two coils of radii r1 and f2 such that n< rs and are placed coa coinciding. Let the magnetic flux linked with coil 1 is 9: lly with their centresT b AC GENERATOR: A dynamo or generator is a device which converts mechanical energy in to electrical energy. It is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction Construction: It consists of four main parts i)Field magnet: It provides the magnetic field) In the case of a low power dynamos the magnetic field is ‘generated by a permanent magnet while in the case of large power dynamos, the magnetic field is produced by an electromagnet, fi) Armature: It consists of a large number of turns of insulated wire in the soft iron drum. It can revolve round an axle between the two poles of the field magnet. The drum serves the two purposes. a) It serves as ‘a support to the coils and b) It increases the magnetic field due to air core being replaced by iron core. ) Slip rings: The slip rings Ri and Re are the two metal rings to which the ends of armature coil are connected. These rings are fixed to the shaft which rotates along with the armature coil so that the rings also rotate along with the armature 13iv) Brushes: These are two flexible metal plates or carbon rods Bi and Bz which are fixed and constantly toush the revolving rings. The output current in extemal load R is taken through these brushes, Working: When the armature coil is rotated in the strong magnetic field, the magnetic flux finked with the coil changes and the current is induced in the coil, its direction being given by Fleming’s right hand rule, Considering the armature to be in vertical position and as it rotates in anticlockwise direction , the wire CD moves upward and AB downward so that the direction of induced current is shown in fig. In the external circuit the current flows along BiRB». During the second half revolution, the wire CD moves downwards and AB upward, so the diroction of current is reverses! and in the external cireuit it flows along B2RBi. ‘Thus the direction of induced cmf and current changes in the extemal circuit after cach half revolution, Expression for induced emf: IFN is the number of tums in coil, “p ' the frequency of rotation, A+the area of coil and B- the magnetic induction, then induced emf ¢ =~ 2 -- t NBA cos 2aut =2n vNBASin2Qavt Obviously the emf produced is alternating and hence the current is also altemating, Current produced by an ac generator cannot be measured by moving coil ammeter because the average value of ac aver fall cycle is zero. The souree of energy generation is the mechanical energy of rotation of armature coil 4Formula involved in this lesson Formula Where 9=BAcos 0 @- Magnetic flux, N- [Link] tums, B- magnetic field , A- area \@ is the angle between 13 and A en i induced emf e=BN |: length of the conductor in a direction perpendicular Tots direction of velocity and magnetic field and v- velocity \p- power expended in moving a rod in a magnetic field , R- Resistance of the conductor f- Induced emf in rotating arod, «Its angular velocity, 1. ts length Q Heat dissipated when a rod rotates in a magnetic field , time induced emf due to change in orientation , ¢, ~ maximum Emf induced, «o- angular velocity with which it is rotated N-number of turns L- coefficient of self inductance , [- current 1 self inductance of long solenofd, N- [Link] turns, A- area, length of the solenoid (4%, ~ permeability of air and relative permeability © back induced emf in a inductor U- energy stored in a inductor lu- energy density in a magnetic fieldmagnetic flux linked with the secondary coil, M- coefficient of mutual induction, , -emf induced in the secondary, J, - current in primary Ma coefficient of mutual inductance - ;N, “no, of turns In primary and secondary, A- common area, I- length 16