FORCES -

NEWTON’S LAWS
OF MOTION
 FORCES - NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

Force
"

"Rate
Definition :

of change of momentum is called

force .

Fnet Ener Newton (N)

=
Sl
Equation Unit :
:
=
ma

Vector
quality
·

Examples :

goo
Tension
force Compression Normal
force
1 3
.
. .
2 Contact
N
↑

~
T
C1
1T

C
inwards
outwards
Newton's 1st Law Motion
of
II

Statement
Anobjectcontinue ia state ofrestoruniorset
OR

"If resultant
force acting on the
body is zero ,
the
body "
will
at
either
stay rest or more at a
uniform velocity .

O
Forward

forces
-
Backward

forces
Resultant
force

Equilibrium
= 0 =

G Upward:
forces
Downward

forces

~ V

REST UNIFORM MOTION

speed
= o ·
constant speed
·

straight line
· rest
·

stationary
·
constantspeed
hanging steady speed
· ·

suspended
S
·

speed 0
·
=
 1. Object Hanging at Rest w mi mass
mg
=

Question 1: 9 grav acceleration (9 :

. ·

8m/s2)
A mass of 2.0 kg is hanging vertically from a rope and remains at rest. What is the tension in the rope?
Tension = Weight
T W
A) 9.8 N
Pension
=

&B) 19.6 N
C) 2.0 N
T I

mg
T = 2x9 8 .

D) 0.0 N
↓ T =
19 6 N
.

weight
2. Object Falling at Terminal Velocity
Question 2:
A skydiver of mass 70 kg falls at terminal velocity. What is the magnitude of the air resistance acting
on the skydiver?
Air Resistance
Air Resistance :

Weight
E
A) 686 N ↑ AR =

mg
B) 70 N
C) 0 N a =
70x9 8
686N
.

D) 140 N AR =

Weight

3. Object Moving at Steady Speed (Horizontal)

Question 3:
A car of mass 800 kg moves at a constant speed of 20 m/s along a straight road. What is the net force
acting on the car?
A) 16,000 N
&B) 0 N
C) 800 N
D) 20 N

4. Object at Rest on a Surface

Question 4:
A box of mass 10 kg rests on a flat surface. What is the normal contact force exerted by the surface on
the box?
Normal Contai (N)
A) 0 N ↑ force
B) 10 N N = W
6
C) 98 N
↓
D) 100 N =
mg
(W)( 10x9 8
Weight
= .

N =
98N
5. Lift (Elevator) Moving at Constant Velocity

&
Question 5:
A person of mass 60 kg stands in a lift that is moving upward at a steady velocity. What is the reading
&

o
&
on the scale beneath the person?
N
A) 60 N
Weight
=

-B) 588 N
C) 0 N
=
mg
D) 120 N =
60x9 8 .

= 588N
 S

TWO CONDITIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

1
- Sum
of all the
forces ading on the body should be zero.

Sum the moments the

of all
acting
body should be
I zero.
on

(Related to
Turning effect of forces (

Newton's 2nd Law

of Motion
↑

statement : The rate

of change of momentum
"
is
directly proportional
resultant
to the
force .

Equation : Fret =

Ap > Free = ma

At
forward -
backward - ma

forces forces ION

>
6N > 10 N > 6N

Resultant =
10-6 Resultant = 10 + 6

:
4N = 16N

GON Resultant =
100 -

60
48N
6NN
> =
7N #

y
Resultant =
7 16 + 5)
100 N
-

=
7 -

(11)
=
=
4N H
1 =
n =

p
+b tanc = D
N
(12) + (5)2
2
5
R =

N 0 = tan"
(5)
12
12N 7 = 144 + 25
In 1559 =

O T 0 =
67 4
>
.

-
>
T 5N H h =
13 direction
5N
Resultant = 13N
 I motion
Fret ma=

7 FD -Fr ma =

Fr 6000
=

400kg >
F =
10 000N
,

10000 -

6000 = 400 Xa

1000 a

Fo driving
:
force Fr : resistive force ?
a =

10 m/s

It motion
7 Fret = ma

Fi &000
= FD = 15000 N
400kg >
FD- Fr = ma

15000 -
8000 =
100 x a
700
Fo driving force Fr resistive force = a
: :

400
a =
17 5 .

m/s

I motion driving force =?

7

Fi &000
=
Fo =?? a =
1 75
.

m/s Free = ma
400kg > >

Fo -

Fr = ma

Fp 0000 (400) (1 75)

Fo driving force Fr resistive force
- = .

: :

FD = &700N

If
is
a
body
removed
is in equilibrium
the resultant will
and one
be
of the
forces
,

>
-

equal in magnitude in that

force
>
-

opposite in direction to that

force

F(resultant)
1. Two Opposing Forces — Find One Force
Question 1:
A toy car of mass 2.0 kg is pulled forward with a force of 10 N and accelerates at 3.0 m/s². What is the
value of the resistive (friction) force acting on the car?
A) 2.0 N
B) 4.0 N
FON Fret = ma

C) 6.0 N >
-
10 -
F = 2x3
D) 8.0 N 10 -

F = 6
F = 4N
2. Find Applied Force with Friction Present
Question 2:
A 5.0 kg object is pulled along a rough surface with a frictional force of 6 N opposing the motion. If it
&
accelerates at 2.0 m/s², what is the size of the pulling force?
58
A) 10 N F Fuet = ma
B) 16 N 6N
C) 6 N - F -
6 =
(5x2)
D) 20 N >
-
F -
6 =
10
a = 2 m/s2 F = 16 N

3. Downward and Upward Forces (Lift Problem)

Question 3:
A person of mass 70 kg is standing in an elevator accelerating upward at 1.0 m/s². What is the upward
force exerted by the floor on the person? =
N mg

T
A) 686 N
Fret 70x9 8

&
= ma = :

B) 756 N
C) 70 N N-W = ma =
666N
D) 616 N N-686 =
70X1
N =
70 + 686
N =
756N

4. Opposing Forces on a Horizontal Plane

Question 4:
A force of 25 N is used to pull a 10 kg cart on a surface. The cart accelerates at 1.5 m/s². What is the
size of the resistive force?

A) 10 N
lokg Fret = ma

B) 5 N F + 25N
25 -
F =
(10 x 1 -
5)
C) 15 N F 15
>
-

25 - =

D) 7.5 N
a = 1 5
.

m/s2 25 -
15 = F
F = 10N

5. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces (Tension and Weight)

Question 5:
A crate of mass 50 kg is lifted vertically upward with an acceleration of 0.8 m/s². What is the tension in
the rope lifting it?

04
A) 490 N Fuet = wa W=
B) 530 N mg
= 50x9
C) 40 N T-w ma = .

D) 450 N T 490 -
(50X0 8) =
490 .
=

↑ 490 48 =

#
-

T = 530N
 Newton's 32a Law
of
motion

statement :
"If object A exerts a
force on
object B, then B
the which
exerts same
force
on A
,
is
"
equal
direction
in
magnitude but
opposite in .

"Action-Reaction"
4 Main characteristics Action Reaction Pair
of
-

1 .

Equal in magnitude
opposite in direction
-

2 .

h same type
on
3 .

Y
different bodies

190%

Normal Contact
X
force ·

different type
10N
X ·
acting on the box
.

Earth
pulls the /Action
Weight box
ION

W
V

1 box pulls the earth

(Reaction

~
Friction

"A
"
that tends
Definition : resistive
force to slow down moving objects .

It acts
opposite to the direction motion.
>
of
-

Factors
affecting friction Methods to reduce
friction
.
1
Weight of object Heavier
objects 1
.
Use a lubricants between
surfaces
Normal Contact
force more
friction
esmooth
2
. Use
of
rollers and ball
bearings
.
2
Surace-Lexture brough 4442F
3
. Presence lubricants
.
3 Reduce contact
force
of
oil Smooth

greate/
release 4
surfaces
useof
.

Drag/Slide Roll

-
motion
>

F
-motion
& F ⑧

"Friction
force acts
opposite ,

to the direction motion

of
.
 &

Circular Motion
motion in a
& >

·
circle at
y

⑧ >
Fa constant
speed
Lac V
L
FcS
-

line
straight 1
center 14
constant speed As
of
r
resultant
force volation
no

Fa
* Objects moving in circle
T
⑧

resultant
experience a

the
force acting Towards -V Fc and ac : towards the
called
Centripetal force center
-

center .

v :
tangent to the
point
Factors
affecting centripetal force on circle

F, heavies objects need Es F

=
1
.
x m : more

to
stay in orbit/circular motion.

F, v2
:objectsat higher speedneedmorea
2 . &

F to make circle smaller radius,

x1 of
3 : a
>

more F is needed .

Stopping distance it is the &

sum
of thinking braking distance
-
.

Thinking Braking ,
and
Stopping Distance

speed
Thinking Distance :

= It is the distance travelled

by
= the can
during the reaction

- :
-

time
E
.

A It is
affected my
thinking dist ↑
~

-
. Initial speed ↑
>
1

I
O 1 5 7 5 time 2
. Reaction time thinking dist
.

reaction .

↑ time ↑
↑
Braking Distance
nazard react stops
:

It is the distance travelled

from
-

appear brakes"
the moment the brakes are
applied until the to
applied car comes
·
Dry road >
-

more
friction >
-

less brak dist. .

stop .

·
New
tyres -> more
friction time
less - brak .
dist.
brak dist. Road condition
·
Greater initial speed - more -> more 1 .

Greate mass > ->

lesser deceleration > more
-
brak dist.
. 2
Tyre condition
3 . Initial speed
Mass
of
4 .
car
 -

Freefall Freefall
Falling under the
effect of gravity In air In
. vaccum
i . .
e
falling due Weight
to
(Air Resistance) (No Air Resistance)
>
-

Freefall in vacuum

to
Due absence
of air air ,
no

resistance .
act
Only weight Og
E lat
" -
ball n = 0

the
causes
object to .
accelerate a=
g 8m/
= -
9

acceleration to ,
after Is
Hence is
equal of

v
=
amp
gravitational acceleration ,
no

matter how
heavy or light after Is
...
object is
. 'Og
·
v = 19 .

6 m/s
"Both right a
heavy objects
99

fall together
.

>
-

Freefall in Air

Ar
·
resistance is an
opposing force which

acts
opposite to the direction of motion
Air resistance increases as
speed increases
·

Air resistance with

increases
surface
·

area

rest
· When an
object is released
from ,
it

accelerates . Its initial

due to gravity
acceleration is
equal to
gravitational Why does a
freefalling
acceleration
. body eventually
As air resistance reaches terminal
·

speed of object increases ,

?
also increases and
eventually becomes velocity
equal &
to
Weight. Resultant force and hence acc

becomes and
equal to object reaches
zero terminal
velocity
,
 vIms-
N

farminal velocity
AR =
0
V
4
⑧ Fret ma
·
*
=

↓ W = ma
W
new lowes pug =
ma
·

2 terminal
velocity
a =

g
= 9 -

8m/
V

8 ↓
>
tis
g
-
1

jumps
(No air resistance)
Weight a
N
=

g
=
8m/s
9 ·

Why is the initial acceleration of

initial (on Earth)
body under freefall equal to 9 8m/s2
.

acceleration
When released , the
an
object is
AR
X resultant force acting on it
o
2 NJAR ; parachutist to its
V
is
equal weight. Hence
v accelerates
.
its initial acceleration is
W
to
find acc of the
acceleration
equal to
gravitational
parachutist i. e
. 9 8 .

m/s
Fret = ma

W-AR =
ma

AR
with
3 * AR inc
speed
↑
.
.

As parachutist slows down the

* W =
AR Fret = 0 ,

air
v * a= 0 and terminal
resistance
acting on it

z reached.
decreases and it
again
velocity The
(constant speed) becomes equal to Weight.
will
parachutist now
fall at a

4
.
AR
parachule opens
lower terminal velocity (constant

v
· AR > W speed) .

V ·
deceleration occurs
W
·

parachutist slows down