ITT 036:
Data Communication
Module 2: Layered Architecture - Network Models
Instructor: Dr. Iqra Altaf Gillani
Why is layering so important?
Tasks involved in sending a letter
Why Layered Architecture for Data Communication?
● In Data Communication, user wants to perform reliable communication
through unreliable error-prone medium and to do that it needs to follow
common set of rules (protocols) for generating data and same rules need to
be followed by the receiver at the other end.
● Problems:
Why Layered Architecture for Data Communication?
● In Data Communication, user wants to perform reliable communication
through unreliable error-prone medium and to do that it needs to follow
common set of rules (protocols) for generating data and same rules need to
be followed by the receiver at the other end.
● Problems:
○ Both entities can be part of different underlying systems.
○ These rules are complex to be considered as single layer.
Why Layered Architecture for Data Communication?
● In Data Communication, user wants to perform reliable communication
through unreliable error-prone medium and to do that it needs to follow
common set of rules (protocols) for generating data and same rules need to
be followed by the receiver at the other end.
● Problems:
○ Both entities can be part of different underlying systems.
○ These rules are complex to be considered as single layer
● Solution ⇒ Layered approach to deal with this complex problem.
● Based on popular idea of Divide and conquer technique.
Layered Architecture
● The large number of communication functions are grouped together or
partitioned into set of layers.
● Basic ideas of layered approach:
○ Divide into optimum number of modules, each of manageable size
○ Ensure each module is developed and tested independently.
○ Allows easy enhancement and installation of functions of particular layer
without affecting other layers
What is Network Model or Architecture?
● Data Communication occurs between entities in different systems with
possibly different hardware, software. For communication, entities should
follow agreed upon protocols.
● Protocols are the set of rules that govern data communication. These define
what (syntax), how (semantics), and when (timing).
What is Network Model or Architecture?
● Data Communication occurs between entities in different systems with
possibly different hardware, software. For communication, entities should
follow agreed upon protocols.
● Protocols are the set of rules that govern data communication. These define
what (syntax), how (semantics), and when (timing).
● Each layer n on one machine communicates with the corresponding layer n of
the other machine using layer n protocols.
● The list of protocols used by a system is known as its protocol stack.
● The set of layers and protocols together form network architecture or
network model.
OSI Model
● Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards.
● An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in the
late 1970s.
OSI Model
● Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international
standards.
● An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It was first introduced in the
late 1970s.
● Open System is set of protocols that allows any two different systems to
communicate regardless of their underlying architecture.
● OSI model shows us how to facilitate communication between different
systems without requiring changes to the logic of underlying hardware and
software.
OSI Model Layers
OSI Model Layer interactions
Encapsulation
Efficiency of System
Efficiency of System
Efficiency = Application
layer data/ Total number
of bytes transferred
Layers in the OSI Model
● Physical Layer
● Data Link Layer
● Network Layer
● Transport Layer
● Session Layer
● Presentation Layer
● Application Layer
Physical Layer
● Deals with the mechanical and electrical specifications of Transmission
medium.
● Representation of bits
● Data Rate
● Synchronization of bits
● Line configuration - Point-to-point or multi-point
● Physical Topology
● Transmission mode
Data Link Layer
Two sub-layers:
● Logical Link control (LLC) or data link control (DLC)
● Media access control (MAC)
Data Link Layer
Two sub-layers:
● Logical Link control (LLC) or data link control (DLC)
● Media access control (MAC)
Functions:
● Framing
● Flow control
● Error control
● Physical addressing
● Access control
Network Layer
● Logical addressing
○ IPV4 (32 bit)
○ IPV6 (128 bit)
● Routing
Transport Layer
● Service-point addressing
● Segmentation and reassembly
● Connection control
○ Connection-oriented
○ Connectionless
● Flow control
● Error control
Session Layer
● Dialog controller
● Synchronization - add check points or synchronization points
Presentation Layer
● Translation
● Encryption
● Compression
Application Layer
● Network virtual terminal
● File transfer
● Mail services
● Directory services
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers:
● Host-to-network
● Internet
● Transport
● Application
Different Protocols
Four-level Addressing in TCP/IP Model
Four-level Addressing in TCP/IP Model
Physical Address
Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon.
Example: 07:01:02:01:2C:4B
Physical Address
Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon.
Example: 07:01:02:01:2C:4B
IP address
IP address can be
32 bit (IPV4) or 128
bit (IPV6).
IP address
IP address can be
32 bit (IPV4) or 128
bit (IPV6).
The physical
addresses will
change from hop
to hop,but the
logical addresses
usually remain the
same.
Port numbers
A port address is a
16-bit address
represented by one
decimal number as
shown. Example:
753
Port numbers
A port address is a
16-bit address
represented by one
decimal number as
shown. Example:
753
References
● Chapter 2 [BAF]
● Lecture 2 [AP]
● Note: Source of all images unless specified is [BAF] book.