NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS AND TECHNOLOGY
EDUCATION
ANALYSIS (PST2031)
INCLASS TEST
SEPTEMBER 2025
This Examination Paper consists of 2 printed pages
Time Allowed: 3 hours
Total Marks: 100
Special Requirements: None
Internal Examiner: Mr T Moyo
External Examiner: Dr G Sunzuma
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Answer all questions in section A four questions in section B.
2. Each question should start on a fresh page
3. Marks will be allocated as indicated below
Section A: Answer all questions in this section (40 marks)
A1. a) Show that the additive identity is only 0 (zero). (3)
Recall the definition of the additive identity, “the additive identity denoted as 𝑒 is
an element such that for any element a, the following holds 𝑎 + 𝑒 = 𝑎
Assume that the additive identity is 𝑒
We need to show that 𝑒 = 0
Since 𝑒 is the additive identity then 0 + 𝑒 = 0
Also property of additive identity 𝑒 + 0 = 𝑒
Since addition is commutative then 0 + 𝑒 = 𝑒
Comparing equation 1 and 3 we have 0 + 𝑒 = 0 = 𝑒
Therefore the additive identity is unique and is equal to 0
1
b) Prove that 𝑎. (−𝑏) = −(𝑎. 𝑏) (4)
From the multiplicative identity we know that 𝑎. 0 = 0
Let -b be the additive inverse for 𝑏 => 𝑏 + (−𝑏) = 0
Substituting in equation above 𝑎. [𝑏 + (−𝑏)] = 0
Applying distributive property 𝑎. 𝑏 + 𝑎. (−𝑏)] = 0
This means that 𝑎. (−𝑏) is the additive inverse of 𝑎. 𝑏
But we already know that −(𝑎. 𝑏) is additive inverse for 𝑎. 𝑏
From uniqueness property of additive inverse then 𝑎. (−𝑏) = −(𝑎. 𝑏)
A2. a) Define a subsequence? (2)
A subsequence is a sequence obtained by selecting some of the elements in
the original sequence and maintaining the relative order of the sequences
b) Define a monotonic sequence. (2)
A monotonic sequence is a sequence of real numbers that is either consistently
non-decreasing or consistently non-increasing. It is a sequence that moves in
one direction, either increasing or decreasing
c) Verify if the sequence 𝑢𝑛 = 3𝑛 − 2 is monotonic. (4)
𝑢1 = 1 𝑢2 = 4 𝑢3 = 7 𝑢4 = 10 𝑢5 = 13 𝑢6 = 16
𝑢𝑛 = 3𝑛 − 2 ∴ 𝑢𝑛+1 = 3(𝑛 + 1) − 2 = 3𝑛 + 1
𝑢𝑛+1 − 𝑢𝑛 = 3𝑛 + 1 − (3𝑛 − 2) = 3
=> 𝑢𝑛+1 > 𝑢𝑛 therefore, sequence is strictly monotonic increasing
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛
A3. a) Test for convergence or divergence of the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 (4)
𝑛2
−1 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 ≤ 1
0 ≤ 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 ≤ 2
0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛 2
≤ ≤
𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛2
0 2
As 𝑛 → ∞ 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ → 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 →0
𝑛2 𝑛2
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛
Therefore by squeeze theorem lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛
=> 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 0
𝑛2
∞ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛
=> ∑𝑛=1 2 also converges
𝑛
b) Investigate the convergence or divergence of the alternating series
(−1)𝑘 (𝑘+3)
∑∞
𝑘=1 (5)
(𝑘)(𝑘+1)
2
𝑘 3
(−1)𝑘 (𝑘 + 3) (−1)𝑘 (𝑘 + 3) (−1)𝑘 ( 2 + 2 )
𝑘 𝑘
lim = lim = lim 𝑘2
𝑛→∞ (𝑘)(𝑘 + 1) 𝑛→∞ 𝑘2 + 𝑘 𝑛→∞
+
𝑘
𝑘2 𝑘2
1 3
(−1)𝑘 ( + 2 ) (−1)𝑘 . 0
𝑘 𝑘
= lim 1 = =0
𝑛→∞ 1+𝑘 1
(−1)𝑘 (𝑘+3) 5 1 7
Let 𝑎𝑘 = (𝑘)(𝑘+1)
∴ |𝑎1 | = 2 |𝑎2 | = |𝑎3 | = |𝑎4 | =
6 2 20
Since |𝑎1 | > |𝑎2 | > |𝑎3 | > |𝑎4 | > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim 𝑎𝑘 = 0, then by the alternating series
𝑛→∞
test, the series converges
A4. a) State the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality (2)
⃗ and 𝑣 both in ℝ2 we have |𝑢
For any two vectors 𝑢 ⃗ . 𝑣| ≤ |𝑢
⃗ ||𝑣|
b) Show that a sequence of real numbers has only one limit. (4)
Assume that the sequence has 2 limits 𝑥 and 𝑦. Let 𝜀 > 0 then there exists a natural
number 𝑛0 such that |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥| < 𝜀 and |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑦| < 𝜀 for all 𝑛 > 𝑛0
0 ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑥𝑛 − 𝑦|
0 ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑥𝑛 | + |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑦|
0 ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥| + |𝑥𝑛 − 𝑦| < 𝜀 + 𝜀
0 ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦| < 2𝜀
Therefore 𝑥 = 𝑦 which means that the two limits are the same hence sequence of
real numbers has only one limit.
c) Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 1 using definition of a derivative. (5)
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥) 2(𝑥+ℎ)2 +1−(𝑥 2 +1) 4𝑥ℎ+ℎ2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim ( ) = lim ( ) = lim ( ) = 𝟒𝒙
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0 ℎ
a) Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that there is a root of the
equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 in the interval (0,1) (5)
Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1
𝑓(0) = 03 − 3.0 + 1 = 1
𝑓(1) = 13 − 3.1 + 1 = −1
Since 𝑓(1) < 0 < 𝑓(0) then by IVT there is a root of the equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 +
1 = 0 in the interval (0,1)
3
SECTION B: Answer all questions in this section.
1
B5. a) Use telescopic method to evaluate ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑛+3)(𝑛+1) (5)
1 1
1 𝐴 𝐵 2 2
(𝑛+3)(𝑛+1)
= 𝑛+1 + 𝑛+3 = −
𝑛+1 𝑛+3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑛+3)(𝑛+1)
2 2 2 2 2 2
= (2 − 4) + (3 − 5) + (4 − 6) + (5 − 7) + (6 − 8) + ⋯ 2 2 2 2
1 1
2 2
= +
2 3
5
= 12
b) Show that if 𝑎 < 𝑏 and 𝑐 > 0 then 𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐. (5)
If 𝑎 < 𝑏 then 𝑏 − 𝑎 ∈ 𝑃
𝑐 > 0 (𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑐) ∈ 𝑃
𝑏𝑐 − 𝑎𝑐 ∈ 𝑃
𝑎𝑐 < 𝑏𝑐 (𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛)
c) Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 2 is continuous at the point 𝑥 = 3. (5)
∀> 0 there exists 𝛿 > 0 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 |𝑥 − 3| < 𝛿 => |(5𝑥 − 2) − (5.3 − 2)| < 𝜀
|(5𝑥 − 2) − (13)| < 𝜀
|5𝑥 − 15| < 𝜀
5|𝑥 − 3| < 𝜀
𝜀
|𝑥 − 3| <
5
𝜀
Let 𝛿 = 5 it follows that |𝑥 − 3| < 𝛿 therefore the function is continuous
1
d) Use the integral test to show that the series ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑛2 +2 converges. (5)
𝜋
Let 𝑛 = √2 tan(𝜃) 𝑛=∞→𝜃= 𝑛=0→𝜃=0
2
𝑑𝑛 = √2sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 ∞ 1
∑∞
𝑛=0 = ∫0 𝑑𝑛
𝑛2 +1 𝑛2 +2
𝜋
1
= ∫02 2tan2(𝜃)+2 √2 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 tan2 (𝜃) + 1 = sec 2 𝜃
𝜋
√2 2
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝜃
2 0
√2 𝜋
= ( − 0)
2 2
√𝟐𝝅
= 𝟒
∞ 1
Since ∫0 𝑑𝑛 exists and is greater than zero then the series converges
𝑛2 +1
4
5 𝑛
B6. a) Determine the limit lim (1 − ) (5)
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
5 𝑛 5 𝑛
Let lim (1 − 𝑛) = 𝐿 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑛 lim (1 − 𝑛) = 𝑙𝑛𝐿
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
5 𝑛
lim 𝑛𝑙𝑛 (1 − ) = 𝑙𝑛𝐿
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
5
(1 − 𝑛)
lim 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛𝐿
𝑛→∞ 1/𝑛
5 𝑛−5 1
Applying L Hopital’s rule lim [(− 𝑛2 ÷ ) ÷ − 𝑛2 ] = 𝑙𝑛𝐿
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
𝑛
lim −5( ) = 𝑙𝑛𝐿
𝑛→∞ 𝑛−5
5
Applying L Hopital’s rule lim − 1 = 𝑙𝑛𝐿
𝑛→∞
∴ −5 = ln 𝐿 𝐿 = 𝑒 −5
b) Prove that 𝑙. 𝑢. 𝑏. (𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑙. 𝑢. 𝑏. (𝐴) + 𝑙. 𝑢. 𝑏. (𝐵) (5)
Let 𝑚 and 𝑛 be least upper bound of 𝐴 and 𝐵 respectively
𝑚 ≥ 𝑎 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 ≥ 𝑏 ∀ 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵
𝑚 + 𝑛 ≥ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∀ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵
∴ 𝑚 + 𝑛 is an upper bound of 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝐿𝑒𝑡 ∈ > 0 Since 𝑚 and 𝑛 are lub of 𝐴 and 𝐵 respectively then there are some
elements 𝑥 and 𝑦 of 𝐴 and 𝐵 respectively such that
∈ ∈
𝑥 < 𝑚 + 2 𝑦 < 𝑛 + 2 Adding the two we get 𝑥 + 𝑦 < 𝑚 + 𝑛+∈
∴ 𝑚 + 𝑛 > 𝑥 + 𝑦−∈
Then 𝑚 + 𝑛 is the 𝑙𝑢𝑏 of set 𝐴 + 𝐵
Hence 𝑙. 𝑢. 𝑏. (𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑙. 𝑢. 𝑏. (𝐴) + 𝑙. 𝑢. 𝑏. (𝐵)
c) Verify that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 6 is Reinmann integrable on [2,4] and hence use
4
Reinmann integration to find ∫2 (𝑥 − 6) 𝑑𝑥 (10)
𝑘 2𝑁+2𝑘
𝑥𝑘 = 2 + 𝑁 (4 − 2) = 𝑁
2𝑁+2(𝑘−1) 2𝑁+2𝑘−2
𝑥𝑘−1 = =
𝑁 𝑁
2
𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘−1 = 𝑁
2𝑁+2𝑘 −4𝑁+2𝑘
𝑀𝑘 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑘 ) = 𝑁
−6= 𝑁
−4𝑁+2(𝑘−1) −4𝑁+2𝑘−2
𝑚𝑘 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑘−1 ) = =
𝑁 𝑁
5
Upper sums = ∑𝑁
𝑖=1 𝑀𝑘 (𝑥𝑘 − 𝑥𝑘−1 )
−4𝑁+2𝑘 2
= ∑𝑁
𝑖=1 (𝑁)
𝑁
4
= 𝑁 2 ∑𝑁
𝑖=1(−2𝑁 + 𝑘)
4 1
= 𝑁2 [−2𝑁(𝑁) + 2 𝑁(𝑁 + 1)]
4 3𝑁 2 1
= 𝑁2 [− + 2 𝑁]
2
2
= −6 + 𝑁
2
lim 𝑈 = lim (−6 + 𝑁) = −6
𝑁→∞ 𝑁→∞
Since limit of upper sums is equal to limit of lower sums then 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 6 is
4
Reinmann integrable in [4,2] hence ∫2 (𝑥 − 6) 𝑑𝑥 = −6
B7. a) State without proof the Triangle inequality. (2)
⃗ and 𝑣 both in ℝ2 we have |𝑢
For any two vectors 𝑢 ⃗ + 𝑣 | ≤ ||𝑢
⃗ | + |𝑣||
1
b) Prove that the sequence 𝑢𝑛 = is a null sequence (4)
√𝑛
1
1 1 1 2 1
𝑢𝑛 = = 1 = (𝑛) This is a p-series with 𝑝 = 2 > 0
√ 𝑛
𝑛2
Recall the definition of a null sequence. For each positive number 𝜀 there exist
1
a number x such that |𝑎𝑛 | < 𝜀 ∀ 𝑛 > 𝑥. We need to check if 𝑛 is a null sequence
1 1 1
| |= <𝜀 𝑛=
𝑛 𝑛 𝜀
1 1
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑛>
𝜀 𝜀
1 1 1
| | < 1 = 𝜀 → |𝑎𝑛 | = | | < 𝜀
𝑛 𝑛
𝜀
1 1
Then we can conclude that 𝑛 is a null sequence and hence 𝑢𝑛 = is also a null
√𝑛
sequence
3𝑛−5
c) Show that the sequence 𝑢𝑛 = 7𝑛+1 converges and find its limit (6)
3𝑛 5
3𝑛−5 −
𝑛 𝑛
lim = lim 7𝑛 1
𝑛→∞ 7𝑛+1 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 +𝑛
5
3−
𝑛
= lim 1
𝑛→∞ 7+𝑛
3
=7
Since limit exists then the sequence converges
6
d) Find the Maclaurin series expansion for 𝑒 𝑥 and then use it to determine the
radius and interval of convergence of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 . (8)
𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑓(0) = 1
𝑓 𝐼 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝐼 (0) = 1
𝑓 𝐼𝐼 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝐼𝐼 (0) = 1
𝑓 𝐼𝐼𝐼 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝐼𝐼𝐼 (0) = 1
𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 𝐼𝑉 (0) = 1
1.𝑥 2 1.𝑥 3 1.𝑥 4
→ 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 1. 𝑥 + + + +⋯
2! 3! 4!
𝑥𝑛
= ∑𝑛𝑖=1
𝑛!
𝑎𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑥𝑛 𝑥 𝑥
Using ratio test lim | | = lim |(𝑛+1)! ÷ | = lim |𝑛+1| = |∞|
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛! 𝑛→∞
𝑥
Series converges when |∞| < 1 |𝑥| < ∞
Radius of convergence = ∞
Interval of convergence −∞ < 𝑥 < ∞
B8. a) (i) Define a monotonic sequence. (2)
A monotonic sequence is a sequence of real numbers that is either consistently
non-decreasing or consistently non-increasing. It is a sequence that moves in
one direction, either increasing or decreasing.
1 𝑛
(ii) Show that the sequence is monotonic (1 + 𝑛) . (5)
3 2 4 3 5 4 6 5
𝑎1 = 2 𝑎2 = ( ) = 2.25 𝑎3 = ( ) = 2.37 𝑎4 = ( ) = 2.44 𝑎5 = ( ) = 2.48
2 3 4 5
Since 𝑎1 < 𝑎2 < 𝑎3 < 𝑎4 , therefore sequence is strictly monotonic increasing
b) Show that a convergent sequence is Cauchy. (5)
Let 𝑎𝑛 be a Cauchy sequence, then 𝑎𝑛 is bounded. Now let the limit of the
𝜀
squence be 𝑙, then for any 𝜀 > 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑁1 > 0 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 |𝑎𝑛𝑘 − 𝑙| < 2
But since 𝑎𝑛 is Cauchy then ∀ 𝑁2 > 0 such that ∀ 𝑚, 𝑛 > 𝑁2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∀ 𝑛𝑘 > 𝑁
𝜀
We have |𝑎𝑛𝑘 − 𝑎𝑛 | < 2
Let 𝑁 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥 {𝑁1 , 𝑁2 } then for 𝑛 > 𝑁1 , thus |𝑎𝑛 − 𝑙| = |(𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛𝑘 ) + (𝑎𝑛𝑘 − 𝑙)|
≤ |𝑎𝑎 − 𝑎𝑛𝑘 | + |𝑎𝑛𝑘 − 𝑙|
𝜀 𝜀
< 2 + 2 =𝜀
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 |𝑎𝑛 − 𝑙| < 𝜀 so 𝑎𝑛 converges
7
(−3)𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
c) Determine the interval and radius of convergence of the series ∑∞
𝑛=0 (8)
√𝑛+1
𝑎𝑛+1 (−3)𝑛+1 𝑥 𝑛+1 (−3)𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
Using ratio test lim | | = lim ( ÷ )
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 𝑛→∞ √(𝑛+1)+1 √𝑛+1
(−3)𝑛 .(−3)1 𝑥 𝑛 .𝑥 1 √𝑛+1
= lim ( × (−3)𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 )
𝑛→∞ √𝑛+2
(−3)1 𝑥 1 √𝑛+1
= lim | × |
𝑛→∞ √𝑛+2 1
√𝑛+1
= lim |−3𝑥 |
𝑛→∞ √𝑛+2
= |3𝑥|
1
Series converges when |3𝑥| < 1 |𝑥| < 3
1
Radius of convergence =
3
1 1
Interval of convergence − 3 < 𝑥 < 3