Real Numbers

 Every composite number is expressed as product of prime numbers.

 𝐻𝐶𝐹(𝑎, 𝑏) × 𝐿𝐶𝑀 (𝑎, 𝑏) = 𝑎 × 𝑏
 HCF of prime numbers/ coprime is always 1
 LCM of prime numbers/ coprime is always their product

Polynomials
 x is a variable and 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … … … 𝑎𝑛 be real numbers, n is a positive integer then
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ … … 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 is a polynomial in one variable

 constant polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

 Linear polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0
 Quadratic polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 , 𝑎 ≠ 𝑂
 Cubic polynomial 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 , 𝑎 ≠ 𝑂

 A quadratic polynomial can have either two distinct zeroes or equal zeroes( ie one zero) or no
zero.
 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜷 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒅𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒂𝒍
 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
 𝑇𝑜 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑘{𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + 𝛼𝛽.}
 Relationship between zeroes and coefficients of polynomials
𝑏
o 𝛼 + 𝛽 = −𝑎
𝑐
o 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎
Graph Quadratic: Zeroes of quadratic Graph is either completely
polynomial are X coordinate of the points where above or below x axis then
the graph intersects the x-axis. no zero.

When a>0 parabola opens

upward
A and B are zeroes.

When a<0 parabola opens downward. one zero Three zero

C and D are zeroes

Cubic polynomial General form 𝑐

𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 =
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑎
𝑏 𝑑
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾 = − 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = −
𝑎 𝑎
(note: just for knowledge)
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Quadratic equation
General form 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
(a,b,c are real numbers 𝑎 ≠ 0)
Nature of roots 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Real roots D>0
Real and equal roots D=0
Imaginary roots D<0
𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
Factorization or use 𝑥 = − 𝑎

Linear equation in two variables Parallel lines - Coincident lines

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏 𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 𝒄𝟏
= ≠ = =
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
Dependent consistent pair of
𝒂𝟏 𝒃𝟏 equations.
≠
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
No solution
X=0 is the equation of y axis
Inconsistent pair of Y=0 is the equation of x axis
equations X=a (some constant) represents
Intersecting lines a line parallel to y axis
Unique solution Y=b (some constant) represents
Consistent pair of equations a line parallel to x axis
Arithmetic progression 𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑙)
General form : 2 2
𝑎 , 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑 , 𝑎 + 3𝑑 … … . . [𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
𝑛(𝑛+1)
First number a , common difference d Sum of first n natural numbers = 2
𝑎+𝑐
Sum of first n odd natural numbers = 𝑛2
If a,b,c are in AP then 𝑏 = 2 is arithmetic mean Sum of first n even natural numbers =n(n+1)
of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐
𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝐴𝑃: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 − 𝑆𝑛−1
Coordinate geometry
 Any point on x axis (x,0)
 Any point on y axis (0,y)
 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦
 Mid point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( 1 2 2 , 1 2 2 )
 Point equidistant from A and B : Distance of PA= PB

𝑚𝑥2 +𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 +𝑛𝑦1

 Section formula 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = ( , )
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛
 Distance of a P(a,b) from origin =√𝑎 + 𝑏 2
2
𝑥 +𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦 +𝑦
 Centroid of triangle = ( 1 32 3 , 1 32 3 )
 A,B, C are collinear then AB+BC=AC

2
To prove quadrilateral is
(a) Parallelogram & find 4th vertex – midpoints of both the diagonals are same.
(b) Rectangle – Opposite sides & two diagonals are equal.
(c) Rhombus – 4 sides equal , diagonals not equal and bisect at 90
(d) Square - 4 sides equal & diagonals equal
Triangles
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
(1) BPT : 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶

(2) 𝐼𝑓 ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 ~∆𝑋𝑌𝑍

∠𝑃 = ∠𝑋 , ∠𝑄 = ∠𝑌 , ∠𝑅
= ∠𝑍 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑃𝑄 𝑄𝑅 𝑅𝑃
= =
𝑋𝑌 𝑌𝑍 𝑍𝑋

 Ratio of areas of similar triangles is equal to square of ratio of their corresponding sides.

Trigonometry

𝜃 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

1 1 √3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 0 1
2 √2 2
√3 1 1
cos 𝜃 1 0
2 √2 2
1
tan 𝜃 0 1 √3 ND
√3

Circles
FD= FE tangents drawn from external point are equal.
𝑂𝐷 ⊥ 𝐷𝐹 & 𝑂𝐸 ⊥ 𝐸𝐹
OF bisects ∠𝑂 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐹

3
Areas related to circles 𝜃 𝜃
Area of sector =360 ° 𝜋𝑟 2 Area of segment =360 ° 𝜋𝑟 2 −
Area ring =𝜋(𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒

Surface area volume  Total surface area of cuboid = 2(𝑙𝑏 +

 Area of a square = 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 2 = 𝑙 2 𝑏h + h𝑙)
 Area of rectangle =𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡h × 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑡h = 𝑙 × 𝑏  Volume of cube = 𝑎3
 Area of Rhombus  Volume of cuboid= 𝑙𝑏h
1 1
= 2 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 1 × 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 2 = 2 𝑑1 × 𝑑2  Curved surface area of cylinder= 2𝜋𝑟h
 Total surface area of cylinder=2𝜋𝑟h +
 Area of parallelogram = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × h𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡
1 2𝜋𝑟 2 = 2𝜋𝑟(h + 𝑟)
 Area of right triangle =2 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 × h𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡  Volume of cylinder=𝜋𝑟 2 h
 Heron's formula for  Curved surface area of cone= π𝑟𝑙
triangle=√𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) [𝑙 = √𝑟 2 + h2 ]
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐  Total surface area of cone =𝜋𝑟𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 2 =
[ 𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = ]
𝑐 𝜋𝑟(𝑙 + 𝑟)
1
 Area of equilateral triangle= √3 𝑎2  Volume of cone =3 𝜋𝑟 2 h
4
𝑏
 Area of isosceles triangle=4 √4𝑎2 − 𝑏 2  Curved surface area of sphere= 4𝜋𝑟 2
4
 Area of circle=π𝑟 2  Volume of sphere =3 𝜋𝑟 3
 Circumference of circle= 2π𝑟  Curved surface area of hemisphere
 Lateral surface area of cube =4𝑙 2 =2𝜋𝑟 2
 Total surface area of cube =6𝑙 2  Total surface area of hemisphere =3𝜋𝑟 2
 Lateral surface area of cuboid = 2h(𝑙 + 𝑏) 2
 Volume of hemisphere =3 𝜋𝑟 3

Statistics Median
Class mark is mid point of the class interval 𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ
Odd observation - Median = { } 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
Grouped data 2
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑥𝑖
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 = [ 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 ] Even observation – Median
∑ 𝑓𝑖
𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ 𝑛 𝑡ℎ
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 [{
2
} 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 +{ +1} 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 ]
2
𝑥̅ = 𝑎 + [𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛] 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎 =
∑ 𝑓𝑖 2
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑢𝑖
𝑥̅ = 𝑎 + ℎ [𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑝 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑] 𝑢𝑖 Grouped data
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑛
−𝑐𝑓
𝑥𝑖 − 𝑎 Median = 𝑙 + [( 2
) × ℎ]
= 𝑓
ℎ
𝑓 −𝑓
1 0
Mode = 𝑙 + [(2𝑓 −𝑓 ) × ℎ]
1 −𝑓
0 2

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Probability In general if a coin is tossed n times or n coins
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 are tossed once 𝑛(𝑆) = 2𝑛
𝑃(𝐴) =
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
𝑛(𝐴) Throwing a die
= Once 𝑛(𝑆) = 6
𝑛(𝑆)
A pair of dice thrown once or a die is thrown
𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐴̅) = 1 Twice 𝑛(𝑆) = 62
Sample space of A three dice thrown once or a die is thrown
Tossing a coin once 𝑛(𝑆) = 2 Thrice 𝑛(𝑆) = 63
Tossing a coin twice 𝑛(𝑆) = 22 = 4
Tossing a coin twice 𝑛(𝑆) = 23 = 8
Incircle
An incircle is an incribed circle of a polygon (ie) a circle that is tangent to each of the polygon’s
sides.
 The in- circle of a triangle is the largest circle that can be inscribed within the triangle, and it
touches all three side.
 If one side of the inscribed triangle is a diameter of the circle, the angle opposite that side is
a right angle.

Circumcircle
A circumcircle is a cirle that is drawn around a polygon such that every vertex of the polygon lies
on the circumference.

 The circumcircle of a polygon is the unique circle that passes through all the vertices.
 A circumscribed equilateral triangle has properties like its circumcenter coinciding with its
centroid and in center.

5
 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = |𝑥 (𝑦 − 𝑦3 ) + 𝑥2 (𝑦3 − 𝑦1 ) + 𝑥3 (𝑦1 − 𝑦3 )|
2 1 2
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 ,
2
(𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏)