0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views4 pages

Comparator, DAC, ADC & Wave Generators Guide

This document provides an overview of various electronic components and circuits including Comparators, Schmitt Triggers, Wave Generators, PWM, DACs, and ADCs. Each section outlines definitions, circuit diagrams, operations, merits, and demerits of the components. Additionally, it includes a comparison table for different types of ADCs based on speed, accuracy, complexity, cost, and noise immunity.

Uploaded by

shivamshete3899
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views4 pages

Comparator, DAC, ADC & Wave Generators Guide

This document provides an overview of various electronic components and circuits including Comparators, Schmitt Triggers, Wave Generators, PWM, DACs, and ADCs. Each section outlines definitions, circuit diagrams, operations, merits, and demerits of the components. Additionally, it includes a comparison table for different types of ADCs based on speed, accuracy, complexity, cost, and noise immunity.

Uploaded by

shivamshete3899
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Exam-Ready Notes: Comparator, Schmitt Trigger, Wave Generators, PWM, DAC & ADC

1. Comparator
Definition: Compares two voltages and outputs HIGH or LOW depending on which is greater.

Circuit Diagram:

Vcc
|
|
Vin(+) o--|
| >---- Vout
Vin(-) o--|/
|
GND

Operation: 1. Compare V+ and V-. 2. If V+ > V-, output = VCC (HIGH). 3. If V+ < V-, output = 0V (LOW). 4.
Output is digital (saturation only).

Merits: Simple, fast. Demerits: Noise-sensitive, no hysteresis.

2. Schmitt Trigger
Definition: Comparator with hysteresis to clean noisy input signals.

Circuit Diagram (Inverting):

Vin ----R1----+----> Vout


|
|
Op-Amp
+ -
|
GND

Operation: 1. Two thresholds: Upper (VUT) and Lower (VLT). 2. Vin > VUT -> Output HIGH. 3. Vin < VLT ->
Output LOW. 4. Between VUT and VLT, output does not change (hysteresis).

Formulas: VUT = (R1/(R1 + Rf)) * VOH VLT = (R1/(R1 + Rf)) * VOL

1
Merits: Noise immunity. Demerits: Slightly complex.

3. Square & Triangular Wave Generator

A. Square Wave Generator

Circuit Diagram:

+Vcc
|
R
Vin ->+-----/\/\-----+
| |
--- |
--- C |
| |
GND Vout

Operation: Capacitor charges/discharges through R -> output flips -> continuous square wave. Frequency: f
= 1/(2RC)

B. Triangular Wave Generator

Block Diagram:

Schmitt Trigger ---> Integrator ---> Triangular Output

Operation: Square wave from Schmitt trigger -> Integrator produces linear rise/fall -> Triangular waveform.

4. PWM Generator
Circuit Diagram:

Triangle Wave
|
v
+--------------+
Vin ----| Comparator |----> PWM Output
+--------------+

2
Operation: 1. Compare Vin with triangle wave. 2. Vin > Vtriangle -> Output HIGH. 3. Vin < Vtriangle ->
Output LOW. 4. Output pulse width varies with Vin.

5. DAC

A. Resistor-Weighted DAC

Circuit Diagram:

D3--R
D2--2R
D1--4R
D0--8R
All connected to summing op-amp --> Vout

Operation: Each bit contributes current -> summing op-amp converts to output voltage.

Merits: Simple. Demerits: Resistor matching critical.

B. R-2R Ladder DAC

Circuit Diagram:

Digital Input ---- R-2R Ladder ----> Op-amp ---> Vout

Operation: Binary-weighted currents summed by op-amp -> Vout. Merits: Easy fabrication, accurate.
Demerits: Limited by op-amp accuracy.

6. ADC

A. SAR ADC

Block Diagram:

Vin --> Sample & Hold --> Comparator --> SAR Logic --> DAC --> Digital Output

Operation: 1. Sample Vin. 2. Comparator checks MSB with DAC output. 3. SAR logic sets/clears bits -> final
digital output.

3
Merits: Medium speed, high resolution. Demerits: Complexity increases with resolution.

B. Flash ADC

Block Diagram:

Vin --> Comparator Array --> Encoder --> Digital Output

Operation: Vin compared simultaneously with reference voltages -> comparator outputs encoded -> digital
output.

Merits: Very fast. Demerits: High cost (many comparators).

C. Dual Slope ADC

Block Diagram:

Vin --> Integrator --> Comparator --> Counter --> Digital Output

Operation: 1. Integrate Vin over fixed time. 2. De-integrate with reference voltage, count time -> digital
output.

Merits: High accuracy, noise immune. Demerits: Slow conversion.

ADC Comparison Table

Feature SAR ADC Flash ADC Dual Slope ADC

Speed Medium Very High Slow

Accuracy High Medium Very High

Complexity Medium High Medium

Cost Medium High Low

Noise Immunity Medium Low High

You might also like