3 Indices and Cube root
Let’s recall.
In earlier standards, we have learnt about Indices and laws of indices.
· The product 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 2, can be expressed as 25, in which 2 is the base, 5
is the index and 25 is the index form of the number.
· Laws of indices : If m and n are integers, then
(i) a m ´ a n = a m+n (ii) a m ¸ a n = a m-n (iii) (a ´ b)m = a m ´ b m (iv) a 0 = 1
m m m
am b
(vii) m (viii)
1 a a
(v) a -m
= (vi) (a ) = a
m n mn
am b b b a
· Using laws of indices, write proper numbers in the following boxes.
(i) 35 ´ 32 = 3 (ii) 37 ¸ 39 = 3 (iii) (34)5 = 3
1
(iv) 5-3 = (v) 50 = (vi) 51 =
5
3 3 3 3
5
(ix)
5
(vii) (5 ´ 7) = 5 2
´7 (viii) = 3 =
7 7
Let’s learn.
Meaning of numbers with rational indices
1
(I) Meaning of the numbers when the index is a rational number of the form .
n
Let us see the meaning of indices in the form of rational numbers such as
1 1 1 1
, , , ..., .
2 3 5 n
To show the square of a number, the index is written as 2 and to show the
1
square root of a number, the index is written as 2 .
For example, square root of 25, is written as 25 using the radical sign ‘ ’.
1 1
Using index, it is expressed as 25 . \ 25 = 25 .
2 2
In general, square of a can be written as a 2 and square root of a is written as 2 a
1
or a or a 2 .
1
3 3
Similarly, cube of a is written as a and cube root of a is written as a or a .
3
14
For example, 43 = 4 ´ 4 ´ 4 = 64.
1 1
\ cube root of 64 can be written as 3 64 or 64 3 . Note that, 64 3 =4
3 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3 = 35 = 243. That is 5th power of 3 is 243.
1 1
Conversely, 5th root of 243 is expressed as 243 5 or 5
243 . Hence, 243 5 = 3
1
In genral n th
root of a is expressed as a n .
1 1
For example, (i) 128 7 = 7th root of 128, (ii) 900 12 = 12th root of 900, etc.
1
Note that, If 10 5 = x then x5 = 10.
Practice Set 3.1
1. Express the following numbers in index form.
(1) Fifth root of 13 (2) Sixth root of 9 (3) Square root of 256
(4) Cube root of 17 (5) Eighth root of 100 (6) Seventh root of 30
2. Write in the form ‘nth root of a’ in each of the following numbers.
1 1 1 1 1 1
(1) 81 4 (2) 49 2 (3) 15 5 (4) 512 9 (5) 100 19 (6) 6 7
m
(II) The meaning of numbers, having index in the rational form .
n
We know that 82 = 64,
1 1
Cube root at 64 is = 64 3 82 3 4
\ cube root of square of 8 is 4 .......... (I)
1
Similarly, cube root of 8 = 8 = 2 3
2
1
\ square of cube root of 8 is 8 3 = 22 = 4 ..........(II)
From (I) and (II)
2
= 8 3 .
1 1
cube root of square of 8 = square of cube root of 8. Using indices, 8
2 3
The rules for rational indices are the same as those for integral indices
2
1 13 2
\ using the rule (a ) = a , we get m n mn
8 2 3 = 8 = 83 .
2
From this we get two meanings of the number 8 3 .
1
(i) 8 3 = 82 3 i. e. cube root of square of 8.
2
2
2 13
(ii) 8 = 3 8 i. e. square of cube root of 8.
15
4 1
Similarly, 27 = 27 5
4 5
means ‘fifth root of fourth power of 27’,
4
4
51
and 27 = 5
27 means ‘fourth power of fifth root of 27’.
m
Generally we can express two meanings of the number a n .
m 1
a n
= a m n
means ‘nth root of mth power of a’.
m m
n1
a n
= a means ‘m power of n root of a’.
th th
Practice Set 3.2
1. Complete the following table.
Sr. No. Number Power of the root Root of the power
3
(1) 225 2 Cube of square root of 225 Square root of cube of 225
4
(2) 45 5
6
(3) 81 7
4
(4) 100 10
3
(5) 21 7
2. Write the following numbers in the form of rational indices.
(1) Square root of 5th power of 121. (2) Cube of 4th root of 324
(3) 5th root of square of 264 (4) Cube of cube root of 3
Let’s recall.
· 4 ´ 4 = 16 implies 42 = 16, also (-4)2 = 16 which indicates that the number
16 has two square roots ; one positive and the other negative. Conventionally,
positive root of 16 is shown as 16 and negative root of 16 is shown as
- 16 . Hence 16 = 4 and - 16 = -4.
· Every positive number has two square roots.
· Square root of zero is zero.
16
Let’s learn.
Cube and Cube Root
If a number is written 3 times and multiplied, then the product is called the cube
of the number. For example, 6 ´ 6 ´ 6 = 63 = 216. Hence 216 is the cube of 6.
To find the cube of rational number.
2
Ex. (1) Find the cube Ex. (2) Find the cube of Ex. (3) Find the cube of 5 .
of 17. (-6). 2
3
2 2
173 = 17 ´ 17 ´ 17 2
(-6)3 = (-6) ´ (-6) ´ (-6) 5
= 5 ´
5 ´ 5
= 4913 = -216 8
= −
125
Ex. (4) Find the cube of (1.2). Ex. (5) Find the cube of (0.02).
(1.2) = 1.2 ´ 1.2 ´ 1.2
3
(0.02)3 = 0.02 ´ 0.02 ´ 0.02
= 1.728
= 0.000008
Use your brain power.
In Ex. (1) 17 is a positive number. The cube of 17, which is 4913, is also a positive
number.
In Ex. (2) cube of - 6 is -216. Take some more positive and negative numbers and
obtain their cubes. Find the relation between the sign of a number and the
sign of its cube.
In Ex. (4) and (5), observe the number of decimal places in the number and
number of decimal places in the cube of the number. Is there any relation
between the two ?
To find the cube root
We know, how to find the square root of a number by factorisation method.
Using the same method, we can find the cube root.
Ex. (1) Find the cube root of 216.
Solution : First find the prime factor of 216. 216 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 3 ´ 3 ´ 3
Each of the factors 3 and 2, appears thrice. So let us group them as given
below,
216 = (3 ´ 2) ´ (3 ´ 2) ´ (3 ´ 2) = (3 ´ 2)3 = 63
1
\ 3 216 = 6 that is 216 3 = 6
17
Ex. (2) Find the cube root of -1331. Ex. (4) Find 3 0.125 .
Solution : To find the cube root of -1331, 125
Solution : 3
0.125 = 3
1000
let us factorise 1331 first.
3
125 m
1331 = 11 ´ 11 ´ 11 = 113 = ... a
am
3
1000 b bm
-1331 = (-11) ´ (-11) ´ (-11) 3
53
= (-11)3 = 3
10 3
\ 3
−1331 = -11 5 1
=
10
= 0.5 ...
am m
a
Ex. (3) Find the cube root of 1728.
Solution : 1728 = 8 ´ 216 = 2 ´ 2 ´ 2 ´ 6 ´ 6 ´ 6
\ 1728 = 23 ´ 63 = (2 ´ 6)3 ........ am ´ bm = (a ´ b)m
3
1728 = 2 ´ 6 = 12 (Note that, cube root of - 1728 is -12.)
Practice Set 3.3
1. Find the cube roots of the following numbers.
(1) 8000 (2) 729 (3) 343 (4) -512 (5) -2744 (6) 32768
27 16
2. Simplify : (1) 3 (2) 3
54
3. If 3
729 = 9 then 3
0.000729 =?
125
ÑÑÑ
Answers
1 1 1 1 1 1
Practice Set 3.1 (1) 135 (2) 96 (3) 256 2 (4) 17 3 (5) 100 8 (6) 30 7
2. (1) Fourth root of 81. (2) Square root of 49 (3) Fifth root of 15
(4) Ninth root of 512 (5) Nineteenth root of 100 (6) Seventh root of 6
Practice Set 3.2 1. (2) 4th power of 5th root of 45 ; 5th root of 4th power of 45.
(3) 6th power of 7th root of 81 ; 7th root of 6th power of 81.
(4) 4th power of 10th root of 100 ; 10th root of 4th power of 100.
(5) 3rd power of 7th root of 21 ; 7th root of 3rd power of 21.
5 3 2
2. (1) 121 2 (2) 324 4 (3) 264 5 (4) 33
3
Practice Set 3.3 1. (1) 20 (2) 9 (3) 7 (4) -8 (5) -14
3 2
(6) 32 2. (1) (2) 3. 0.09
5 3
18