FROG
1 INTRODUCTION (FROG/ Rana tigrina) 4 RESPIRATION 7 CONTROL AND COORDINATION
m Class: Amphibia Location/during Mode of respiration m Include neural system and endocrine glands
m Habitat: Fresh water and land
m Water, hibernation, m Cutaneous (highly Neural systems
m Habit: Poikilotherms, camouflage, undergo aestivation aestivation vascularised
(summer sleep) and hibernation (winter sleep), never
drink water but absorb through skin m Land m Cutaneous, buccal
ANS
cavity, pulmonary CNS PNS
m Economic importance: m Cranial nerves
l Beneficial to mankind as they eat insects and protect the (10 pairs)
crops m Spinal nerves
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Brain enclosed Spinal cord enclosed
l Maintain ecological balance as they serve as link of food
m Lungs are a pair of elongated pink coloured
in cranium in vertebral column
chain and food web in the ecosystem. sac-lik structures present in the thorax
l Muscular legs are used as food in some countries m Pulmonary respiration: Air ® Nostrils ®
buccal cavity ® lungs Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain
2 MORPHOLOGY
m Olfactory lobes m Optic lobes m Cerebellum
m Dorsal side: Olive green with (Paired)
m Cerebral hemispheres m Medulla oblongata (Passes
dark irregular spots. 5 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (Paired) through foramen magnum
m Ventral side: Pale yellow Trunk
Head m Closed type with single circulation m Unpaired diencephalon and continues into spinal
m Body division: Head and Eye
cord)
Trunk, m Three chambered heart (two atria and one
Neck and Tail absent Fore limb ventricle) covered by pericardium m Sense organs
Hind limb l Sensory papillae – Touch
m Limbs helps in swimming, m Sinus venosus (triangular) joins the right atrium
walking, leaping, burrowing External features of frog
l Taste buds – Taste Cellular aggregations around
m Ventricles opens into a sac like conus arteriosus nerve endings
Parameter Forelimbs Hindlimbs l Nasal epithelium – Smell
on the ventral side of the heart
Digits 4 5 Hepatic l Simple eyes – Vision
Size Smaller Larger and more muscular Liver Intestine
Portal system l Ear – Hearing and equilibrium Well organised structures
Web û ü, for swimming l External ear is absent in frogs.
Renal
m Show sexual dimorphism Kidneys Portal system Lower parts of the body
Parameter Male Female
m Endocrine glands
Copulatory pad First digit of forelimb û
m Blood: l Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pineal body, pancreatic islets,
Vocal sac Prominent û Nucleated RBCs/erythorocytes contain adrenals and gonads
haemoglobin, WBC's/leucocytes & platelets
3 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM m Lymphatic system: Lymph (lacks few proteins 8 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
and RBCs), lymph channels, Lymph nodes Male Route of sperm:
Fat bodies Testis
Alimentary canal Digestive glands ¯
Testis Vasa efferentia
(Short because frogs Liver, pancreas 6 EXCRETORY SYSTEM Vasa efferentia
m 1 pair, yellowish,
are carnivorous) m 10-12 in number ¯
m Ureotelic ovoid Bidder's canal
Oesophagus (short tube) m Open into Bidder's canal
m Attached to upper ¯
Liver (synthesise bile) Adrenal gland Kidney m Finally communicates with Urinogenital
part of kidneys by a
m Red, bean like urinogenital duct duct
double fold of
Stomach m Each side of vertebral column Urinogenital duct ¯
peritoneum called Cloaca
m Nephron/uriniferous tubule (ureter)
Intestine mesorchium ¯
Rectum (structural and functional Cloacal
Cloacal unit) Female aperture
aperture Route of ova: Ovary
Ureter Ovaries
m Food is captured by the bilobed tongue ¯
m 1 pair, near kidneys
m A mature female can lay
Digestion of food by the action of HCl and gastric juices m Acts as urinogenital duct in males m No functional
m Rectum Body cavity 2500 to 3000 ova at a time.
occur in stomach and is called Chyme m In females, ureter and oviduct ¯ connection with
kidneys m Fertilisation is external and
m Bile (emulsifies fat) and pancreatic juice through common open separately in cloaca Oviduct
¯ Oviduct takes places in water.
bile duct digest carbohydrates and proteins in intestine m Development involves a
Cloaca Cloaca m 1 pair, opens
m Digestion completes in small intestine Urinary bladder
m Red, bean like m Small, median chamber ¯ separately into larval stage called tadpole.
m Digested food is absorbed by villi and microvilli m Helps store & pass faecal matter, Cloacal aperture cloaca m Tadpole undergoes
m Ventral to rectum Ureter
m Undigested waste moves into the rectum and passes out m Opens in cloaca
urine and sperms to the exterior Urinary
Cloaca metamorphosis to form the
through cloaca via cloacal aperture bladder Cloacal aperture adult.