Module-2 AIM 7th semsester

NC machine tool is also known as the Numerical Control Machine tool and is defined as "If
each axis of a machine tool is controlled by using numbers or numerals, it is called a Numerical
Controlled Machine tool or NC Machine tool".

How does NC machine work?

The CNC controller works together with a series of motors and drive components to move and
control the machine axes, executing the programmed motions. On the industrial
machines there is usually a sophisticated feedback system that constantly monitors and
adjusts the cutter's speed and position

What is an NC program?
Numerical control, popularly known as the NC is very commonly used in the machine
tools. ... In other words, the numerical control machine is defined as the machined that
is controlled by the set of instructions called as the program

NC stands for Numerical Control. And CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control. 2. Punch
tapes and punch cards are used for input. Keyboards are used for input.

What is NC programming?

Numerical Control (NC) Defined Form of programmable automation in which the

mechanical actions of a machine tool or other equipment are controlled by a
program(through punched tape) containing coded alphanumeric data.

CNC machining, or CNC manufacturing, is a process using computer numerical control (CNC)
machines, which are tools such as mills and lathes guided by computer instructions that control the
precision of the instruments.

Adaptive control:-Improvements in CNC machine tools depend on the refinement of adaptive

control, which is the automatic monitoring and adjustment of machining conditions in
response to variations in operation performance. ... One example of adaptive control is the
monitoring of torque to a machine tool's spindle and servomotors.

An essential element of NC and CNC machining, adaptive control is needed to protect the tool,
the workpiece, and the machine from damage caused by malfunctions or by unexpected
changes in machine behaviour. Adaptive control is also a significant factor in developing
unmanned machining techniques.

Adaptive control is the continuous monitoring of cutting load and automatic adjustment of cutting
feed rate based on the load.

Adaptive control detects the changes in the functioning of the process and regulates the
controlling parameters automatically to compensate for the altering conditions of the
process and, in turn, optimizes the loop response.

An adaptive control optimization (ACO) system is proposed to estimate cutting-tool wear in

terms of part quality and adapt the cutting conditions accordingly in order to minimize
the production cost, ensuring quality specifications in hardened steel micro-parts.

Automated materials handling (AMH) refers to any automation that reduces or eliminates
the need for humans to check-in, check-out, sort material, or to move totes and bins containing
library material. ... However, they do so by having the patron do it themselves so it is more of a
self-service feature than automation.

Automated Material Handling (AMH), on the other hand, involves using robots and other
computerized devices for moving, lifting, pulling, pushing, storing, and retrieving goods
and products.

Why automation is used in material handling?

Companies use automated material handling equipment because it increases
productivity and reduces waste, which results in significant cost savings. Material
handling automation equipment reduces the need for human involvement in the
manufacturing process. As a result, the likelihood of human error or injury decreases.

This type of material handling equipment are typically automated units that work together to
enable efficient storage and transportation of large materials or large volumes of materials
around the production floor.

What is the objective of automated material handling system?

A company's material handling system and processes are put in place to improve
customer service, reduce inventory, shorten delivery time, and lower overall handling
costs in manufacturing, distribution and transportation.

What does material in automated material handling covers?

From manufacturing to consumption, this process is performed through material
handling systems and includes the protection, control, storage, and movement of
 the materials and products. ... Beyond that, material handling also involves the
disposal of these materials.

Why material handling is important?

Material Handling is an essential component of any successful warehouse. ... This
means material handling can improve customer service by making products easy to
find, move, and ship out; cut costs by reducing the amount of time spent moving
products;, and reduce product damages by properly transporting your products.

What do you know about automation?

Automation is a term for technology applications where human input is minimized.
This includes business process automation (BPA), IT automation, personal applications
such as home automation and more.

The following 10-step approach can help you develop effective material handling
processes.
1.​ Plan. Use a team approach to design the material handling system, taking into account
the organization's objectives.
2.​ Standardize. ...
3.​ Simplify. ...
4.​ Consider Ergonomics. ...
5.​ Unitize. ...
6.​ Organize. ...
7.​ Systematize. ...
8.​ Go Green.

6 Benefits of Automated Material Handling

●​ Higher-Value Jobs. When people talk about automation, they focus most of the time on
the potential displacement of human workers. ...
●​ Better Access to Data. ...
●​ Improved Quality Control. ...
●​ Better Workplace Safety. ...
●​ Higher-Volume, More Flexible Production. ...
●​ Faster Time to Market.

The Assembly process is the variation of synthetic production in which materials or parts
are combined without substantial changes. Definition (2): The Assembly process is a way of
manufacturing a product where parts or materials are added in a sequence by various workers.

What is assembly in manufacturing?

An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are
added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product. ... Today,
using modern assembly line methods, manufacturing has become a highly refined
process in which value is added to parts along the line.

What are the duties of an assembler?

Assembly workers maintain and service equipment, troubleshoot equipment
malfunctions, ensure quality control, maintain supply inventory, record actions on
production forms and communicate with other stations on the assembly line to ensure
accuracy, speed and efficiency.

What is assembly technology?

Assembly, the act of combining components in manufacturing, or the resulting
assemblage. Assembly modelling, technology and methods used by computer-aided
design and product visualization software. Assembly line, a manufacturing process in
which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner.

How does an assembly work?

Assembly language (or Assembler) is a compiled, low-level computer language. It is

processor-dependent, since it basically translates the Assembler's mnemonics directly into
the commands a particular CPU understands, on a one-to-one basis. These Assembler
mnemonics are the instruction set for that processor.

What is flexible fixturing?

In the flexible fixturing concept, a single workholding system may be employed to
hold workpieces of various shapes and sizes within a family and with similar
manufacturing operations.

What is fixturing in manufacturing?

A fixture is a work-holding or support device used in the manufacturing industry. Fixtures are
used to securely locate (position in a specific location or orientation) and support the work,
ensuring that all parts produced using the fixture will maintain conformity and interchangeability.

Importance of Flexible Fixturing System :-

Customized dedicated fixtures are designed for the production of specific [Link] are
time consuming and lose flexibility while dealing with parts or assemblies of different shapes
and sizes. Also the design, fabrication and testing of fixtures require significant time and cost in
the production development cycle. To tackle with flexibility and quality in manufacturing sector
due to increase in product mix ,manufacturers are seriously thinking about flexible fixturing
system. In mass production a dedicated fixture is used for large number of similar components.
In low volume high variety production, one of the ways to reduce manufacturing cost can be use
of flexible fixturing system. Flexible fixturing uses a single fixturing system to hold parts of
various shapes and sizes when subjected to various external forces and torques associated
with manufacturing operations. It reduces the lead-time and effort required to design
special-purpose fixtures. There is no need to store and retrieve multiple fixtures for various
components. It will also help for rapid changeovers between different manufacturing operations.
All these factors of flexible fixturing system lead to overall reduction in manufacturing cost.

A major advantage of using a flexible fixturing system is knowing precisely where a point on
the fixture is, and using that knowledge to form datums.