FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

HUARAZ ACADEMIC CENTER

SUBJECT: REINFORCED CONCRETE I

DESIGN OF SLABS IN ONE AND TWO

ADDRESSES

STUDENT:
LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL

TUTOR TEACHER:
ING. DANTE DOLORES ANAYA

CYCLE: VIII

HUARAZ - 2018
 REINFORCED SLABS IN ONE AND TWO DIRECTIONS

I. INTRODUCTION
In reinforced concrete buildings, the slabs are those elements
structural plans that allow, first of all, to provide support surfaces to
the vertical loads whether they are live or dead and secondly act as
tie element (diaphragm) to the system of columns and walls that is ultimately
the one who supports the structure.

In our environment, the most commonly used slabs in buildings are unidirectional slabs and the
Lightweight types cover lights at an average of up to 5m. However, for lights
greater and for better distribution of loads in both directions of the
The system uses reinforced slabs in two directions.

The slab can be directly supported on columns or rest on walls.

cargo ships, concrete or steel beams thus generating different conditions of
support that indicates special forms of structural work. For example, if the slab is
it supports all its perimeter on rigid load-bearing beams or on walls there is the
system of 'Peripherally Supported Slabs' which can work in one or two
directions according to the relationship of their sides. If the slab is supported on only two beams

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 2

 In cargo walls, there is the 'slab in one direction.' If it is finally supported
Directly on the columns, two types of unique surfaces are generated in the
reinforced concrete: 'the flat slab and the flat plate.'

II. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TILES UNIDIRECTIONAL Y

BIDIRECTIONAL
Unlike unidirectional slabs, two-way slabs ensure that the
vertical loads are distributed more evenly among the beams then towards the
columns and finally towards the footings, that is to say the design loads on each one
of these elements is more uniform compared to the previous ones where
these elements will be more sought after in a certain direction.

III. MAIN OBJECTIVE

Reinforce knowledge through a global and integral view of behavior

of bidirectional slabs (equivalent portal method) in structures.

Identify hazards, analyze vulnerabilities, and assess the risks to which one is exposed.
find these types of structures exposed.

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 3

 IV. DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF SLABS IN ONE DIRECTION

Structurally, there are two types of slabs: perimeter-supported and flat.

The first are those that are forcibly supported on their entire perimeter.
supports (walls and/or beams), and the latter are those that rest solely on
columns. Based on the experiences of the earthquakes of 1985, the use of flat slabs has been
almost eliminated since most of the buildings that used this slab system,
they failed or were seriously damaged during the incident. This due to the enormous
shear punching effort that the column exerts on the slab; to the supports
(columns) have no restrictions on the business and rigid frames are not formed in the
structure. Therefore, in this book, we will conduct the analysis and calculation of slabs
peripherally supported. In this case, the peripheral slabs that work in a
address.

Slabs are structural elements whose dimensions in plan are relatively

large compared to their height. The slabs that work in one direction are
those that work only in the direction perpendicular to the supports, this happens
when on a perimeter-supported slab there is one side that is twice or more than two
times larger than the other side. This is defined as the ratio

The design of slabs is therefore similar to beams, with some characteristics that
are indicated below. It is recommended to start the design by setting a value for the superelevation that
ensure that excessive deflections do not occur, as this is the factor that usually governs in the

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 4

 design for this could use Table 1 taken from the ACI 318-83 Code, and approved by
the Complementary Technical Standards (NTC) of the DDF.

Once the total thickness of the slab is determined, the effective depth is calculated by subtracting the
thickness covering. The ACI recommends a minimum cover of 2 cm for slabs that are not
exposed to the elements or not poured against the ground, like foundation footings.
For this same case, the NTC recommends 1 cm or the diameter of the bar, whichever is greater.
mayor.

The calculation of bending moments and shear forces can be carried out
then, considering that the slab is a continuous beam one meter wide with load
uniform (see illustration). Any elastic analysis method can be used or the
moment coefficients presented in the design manuals. The NTC
they specify, just like for beams, that the span is measured from the center of the supports,
except when their width is greater than the effective elevation; in this case, the span is
count from the section located at the effective midpoint of the interior panel of the
supports.

Having determined the effective cant, d, and the bending moments, the calculation is made.
necessary reinforcement with the bending equations of beams, along with the graphs

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 5

 corresponding. The obtained reinforcement is placed in a direction parallel to the strips, that is,
in the direction of the considered clearing. In a perpendicular direction, it is necessary to place
also reinforcement to withstand the stresses produced by concrete contraction and by
temperature changes, and due to lack of uniformity of the load. Both the reinforcement by
flexion such as contraction and temperature changes must meet certain
requirements of amount and separation mentioned below.

The NTC specify that the reinforcement for bending should be the minimum for beams, that is:

The width b is considered to be 100 cm and the area obtained in this way is the necessary for
a strip one meter wide. The spacing of the reinforcement should not exceed the
specified for reinforcement against contraction and temperature. For this reinforcement, the NTC
they recommend the same minimum area as for other structural elements that have a
minimum dimension of 1.50 m. the corresponding equation for a one-meter strip of
the width is the following:

where h is the thickness of the slab.

The NTC allows for the calculation of reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature in a simplified manner.
using a reinforcement ratio p of 0.002 for slabs not exposed to the elements and
0.004 for the case that they are. In the sizing of slabs, it is common to calculate
first the steel area per meter of slab width, then choose the diameter of the bar,
and finally, calculate the spacing between bars. This last calculation can be done in
quick way with the following equation:

s = 100 Ab/As

where s is the separation between bars; Ab, the area of each bar, and As, the area per meter of
slab width. The following illustration shows some typical recommendations for
the placement of the flexural reinforcement.

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 6

 Formulas

1. Calculation of thickness

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 7

 2. Calculation of moments

3. Calculation of steel areas

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 8

 Note: this procedure is carried out for both negative steel and steel.
Positive. The steel due to contraction is placed in the long direction of the slab, which is not
sometida a ningún momento.

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 9

 V. DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF SLABS (two directions)

As we have already mentioned, we can divide the slabs into two large groups:
peripherally supported and flat. The peripherally supported slabs are those that
they are supported on beams or walls on all four sides, and therefore work in two
directions, unlike the slabs in one direction that only structurally rest
at both ends. The flat slabs are those that rest directly on the
columns, with no beam existing between column and column.

This structural system was widely used in Mexico and around the world, especially
after the scheme of the famous Casa Domino by Le Corbusier. But, its main
disadvantages, is the enormous punching or cutting that occurs at the support between
column and slab (which can be reduced with the use of capitals), and the relative independence
from the columns, which do not form a rigid frame so they bend and/or flex at different
rhythms each one. This caused most of the buildings with this mezzanine system,
in Mexico, it collapsed in the earthquake of 1985; for which they have fallen into disuse, for that
reason here we will analyze the perimetrically supported, which seismically function
much better.

The difference between slabs that work in one direction and slabs supported peripherally,
it can also be seen in the shape that the slabs take when they deflect under the
action of normal loads on its plane: the former deform in simple curvature
while the second ones do it in double curvature.

An important structural feature of the supports of these slabs is that their stiffness at
Flexural strength is much greater than the flexural rigidity of the slab itself.

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 10

 The perimeter-supported slabs are commonly part of structural systems.
integrated by columns, beams, and slabs. The behavior of these cannot be studied
it must be analyzed in isolation, but the entire system must be considered, since the
the characteristics of each element influence the behavior of the others. However,
For simplicity and convenience in the study, the slabs are considered in isolation. This
it will allow the proposal of sufficiently precise design methods for purposes
practical, provided that the mentioned hypothesis that the supports have a
bending stiffness much greater than that of the slabs.

The stress-strain graph at the center of the span of a supported slab

perimetrally, tested to failure, has the shape shown in the following figure, in
the following stages are distinguished:

a linear stage from 0 to A, in which the cracking of the concrete in the area of
tensile efforts are negligible. The cracking of concrete due to tension,
represented by point A, occurs under relatively high loads. The service loads
The slabs are generally located near the load corresponding to point A.

b) The A-B stage, in which there is cracking of the concrete in the tension zone and the
the efforts in the reinforcement steel are less than the yield limit. The transition of the
stage 0-A to stage A-B is gradual, as the cracking of the concrete develops
gradually from areas of lower bending moments. For the same reason, the
The slope of the stress-strain graph in section A-B decreases gradually.

c) The stage B-C in which the stresses in the reinforcing steel exceed the limit of
creep. Just like the cracking of concrete, the creep of the reinforcement begins in the
zones of maximum bending moments and gradually propagates towards the areas of

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 11

 smaller moments.

d) Finally, the descending branch C-D, whose amplitude depends, as in the case of the
beams, from the rigidity of the load application system

To illustrate the progress of cracking and the creep of the reinforcement at different stages of
Loading, the cracking configurations on the underside are presented below.
of a simply supported square slab subjected to uniformly distributed load on its
upper face, for different values of the applied load.

Calculation

Note: slabs in two directions are calculated the same way as slabs in one direction, with the
exceptions that in this case exist moments in both directions, for which
It requires calculating the short and long clearances. In addition, the formula for the superelevation is equal to:

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 12

 For this case, to calculate the perimeter, the discontinuous sides must be multiplied by
1.25 if it
The slab is monolithic with its supports (e.g. slab in beams or concrete enclosures), and by 1.5
if they are not

monolithic with their supports (e.g. slab supported on steel beams, or directly on
partitions).

Also, with this formula it is not necessary to verify the deflections in the slab.

VI. APPLICATION EXERCISES

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 13

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 14
ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 15
ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 16
ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 17
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Juan Ortega García, 'Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures', September
1990.
Julio RiveraFeijoo, "Analysis and structural design of shallow foundations"
December, 1998.
Structural Concrete Building Code ACI 318-99, 2000.

R. Iries and F. Iries. 'Explicit Stresses Under Rectangular Footings', Journal of

Geotechnical Engineering, Vol 120, No. 2, ASCE. Feb, 1994.

ALUMNO: LUCIANO URBANO RONEL ANGEL 18