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Instrumental Analysis Terms Explained

The document is a glossary of terms related to Instrumental Analysis, defining various analytical methods and techniques used to determine chemical composition and properties. Key concepts include calibration, colorimetry, chromatography, and various spectroscopic methods such as UV, IR, and mass spectrometry. It also covers important metrics like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and selectivity in analytical measurements.

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14 views3 pages

Instrumental Analysis Terms Explained

The document is a glossary of terms related to Instrumental Analysis, defining various analytical methods and techniques used to determine chemical composition and properties. Key concepts include calibration, colorimetry, chromatography, and various spectroscopic methods such as UV, IR, and mass spectrometry. It also covers important metrics like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and selectivity in analytical measurements.

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© All Rights Reserved
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GLOSSARY OF UNIT 1

Instrumental Analysis: encompasses the group of analytical methods that determine


the chemical composition, based on the measurement of optical properties,
electric, thermal and others.

Calibration: it is defined as the set of operations that allow to establish,


under certain experimental conditions, the relationship between the
values indicated by the device, with the values obtained in the measurement of a
known value.

Colorimetry: it is the quantitative determination of a substance in solution that


due to the action of a reagent, it produces a particular coloration that will be compared
with a known concentration solution, or with colored glasses.

Calibration curve: It is the graphical representation of the measured signal as a


function of the analyte amount.

Chromatography: it is a physical separation method for characterization of


complex mixtures, which have application in all branches of science. It is a
a set of techniques based on the principle of selective retention, whose objective
is to separate the different components of a mixture, allowing for identification and
determine the quantities of said components.

Electrophoresis: it is defined as the migration of particles through a solution under the


influence of an electric field. Electrophoretic methods provide a
powerful means of separating the components of a mixture are
aggregated or monodispersed.

Spectrophotometer: it is an instrument used in thechemical analysiswhat is it used for


to measure, based on thewavelength, the relationship between values of a
same photometric magnitude relative to two beams ofradiationsy
theconcentrationor chemical reactions that are measured in a sample. It is also
used in chemistry laboratories for thequantificationofsubstancesy
microorganisms.

Spectrophotometry: it is the measurement of the amount of radiant energy that


absorbs or transmits a chemical system as a function of the wavelength; it is the
method ofoptical analysismost used in theinvestigations
chemicalsybiochemicals.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: it is an instrumental method of thechemistry


analyticsthat allows measuring the specific concentrations of a material in a
mix and determine a wide variety ofelements. This technique is used to
determine the concentration of a particular element (theanalitoin a sample and
can determine more than 70 different elements in solution or directly in
solid samples used in pharmacology, biophysics or toxicological research.

Flame Emission Spectroscopy: A sample of a material (analyte) is


put it in the flame, whether as gas, spray solution, or directly inserted
in the flame due to the use of a small wire loop, usually made of platinum. The
the heat of the flame evaporates the solvent and breaks the chemical bonds to
create free atoms. Thermal energy also excites electrons to states
higher energy electrons that subsequently emit light when they return to
ground state. Each element emits light at a wavelength
characteristic, that disperses through a grid or a prism and is detected in the
spectrometer. A common application of emission measurement with the
it is the regulation of alkali metals for pharmaceutical analysis

Infrared spectroscopy (IR): measures changes in vibrations of


stretching and bending of the bonds that occur when a molecule absorbs
IR radiation energy. Applicable to qualitative and quantitative analysis of
organic compounds and mixtures, detects functional groups in them
compounds.

Mass Spectrometry (MS): it is an analytical technique that allows the


measurement ofmoleculesIt allows for a highly accurate analysis of the composition of
different chemical elements andisotopesatomic, separating the nuclei
atomic based on their relationshipload-dough(z/m). It can be used for
identify the different chemical elements that make up a compound, or to
determine the isotopic content of different elements in the same
composed.

Ultraviolet (UV) Spectroscopy: detects electronic transitions of


conjugated systems and provides information about length and structure of
the conjugated part of a molecule. Useful for detecting aromatics, olefins
conjugated and very pure compounds. Applicable to quantitative analysis of
organic compounds.

Accuracy: Degree of agreement between the result and a reference value


certificate. In the absence of accuracy, there is systematic error.
Fluorometry: it is the determination of the amount of light emitted by a
solution that contains a fluorescent substance, under the action of UV light or
of any other wavelength.

Linear concentration range: It is the ability of an analytical method to


to give results that are directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte
within a given interval.
Detection limit: it is the minimum concentration or the minimum mass of analyte that
it can be detected for a given confidence level, this limit depends on the
relationship between the magnitude of the analytical signal and the value of the fluctuations
target signal statistics.

Classical methods: are those based on the chemical properties of the analyte.
Gravimetries, volumetries, and qualitative analysis methods are included.
classic.

Instrumental Methods: based on chemical-physical properties.


The classification of instrumental methods is carried out based on the property that
is measured (spectroscopic, electroanalytical, thermal, etc.).

Separation Methods: This group includes the methods whose purpose is


the separation of compounds to eliminate interferences and facilitate measurements

Nephelometry: determines the amount of light reflected (or partially refracted)


for colloidal suspensions).

Precision: it is the ability of ainstrumentto give the same result in


different measurements taken under the same conditions. This quality must
evaluate in the short term. It should not be confused withaccuracyneither withreproducibility.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): it is a non-spectroscopic technique


destructive, based on the magnetic properties of matter and applied to
any chemical substance in liquid or solid state that contains nuclei with
nuclear spins. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is one of the techniques
spectroscopic methods most used today that allow solving various
problems of chemical research and quality control.

Selectivity: It is the ability of an analytical method to measure only what


it is intended to be measured.

Sensitivity: It is the change in the instrument's response that corresponds to a


change in the concentration of the analyte. It is the slope of the working range and
the greater this is, the greater the sensitivity of the method.

Bias: It is the difference between the average value obtained from the results of
test with respect to an accepted or known reference value.

Turbidimetry: it is the measurement of the amount of light absorbed by a suspension.

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