5 Playing with Numbers
Ieorning Oljeetives
After golng through this chapter, you will be oble to
write the generalised forms of numbers
. learn to write numbers using letters
. learn some interesting number puzzles and games
. learn about divisibility tests of numbers by 10, 5, 2, 9 and 3
Iet's Begin
evious classes, we leant about vatural numbes, whole umbers, intepers
d their propeties. In his chapte, we will len to write thc piven numhers in
neral fom Ao, we will leam about oumber puzzles, games ad the reasoning
hind the divisbility ules applicd to the pencval lom of nbers.
GENERALISED FORM OF NUMBERS
nunber is said to be in generalised lom or expaded lom, il it is expressed
he sun ol the produet of its digits witlh their plae val1wes. Vor example,
4)-4 x 10 +2 x | 678 6 x |00 + 7 10%I
Iundreds dipit 100 Tons digii 19 +Oes digit 1
ngencral,
Ivbc any twodigit number, where xand yare the tens nd ones digits, Error
Alarm
respectively, then we have
The generalised form of
a two digit number with
llere, vx is the nunber obtuined by interchanging he digits, xintens place and y in
nits place is
" Il wz is a three dipit numnber, where , Vnd z re three digts, then we have
ExmpleI Wite the following nunmbers in geneulised fom,
(a) 47 (b) 82 (c) 149
77
Soluton (a) 47 - 4 x10+ 7 x I
(b) 82- 8x 10 2 xI +9x1
(c) 149 -|x 100 + 4
x 10
+|x 10 +3 x I
(d) 813 - 8 x100
numbers in usual form.
Example 2 Write the following (b) 9 x 10 + 5 x 1
(a) 3 x 0 +7
9x 10 +5 x|= 90 +5 = 95
Soluton (a) 3x |0 7- 30 + 7- 37 (b)
Example3 The sum of the digits of a
2-digit number is 8. If the digits are
Find the number
reversed, the new number incrcases by I8.
and
Soluton. Let the original number be 10x ty. Thenx is the tens digit
I is the ones digit. The sum of the digits is 8, that is, x + y = 8 1. Write
...) the fol.
5y=8
Hence. thc original number be 1Ox + (8-x). The number obtained generalized
(a) 34
after interchanging the d1gits is 10y +x or 10 (8 - x) +x (c) 530
2
According to the question, Write the um
10(8- x) +x} - {1Ox + (8- x)} = 18 the usual fon
(a) 8 x 10+1
(80 - 10x + x} - {10x + 8- x} = 18
(b) a x 100 +
80 -9r 9r- 8 = 18
bx 10 +
’ 72- 18r = 18 (c) 1 X10 +1
’72 - 18 = 18r
54 = 1 8r ’x=3
Putting x =3 in equation (i), we get y=8-3=5
Hence, the original number is 10 x 3 +5= 30 + 5 = 35.
Picture Based
Which number reg
I Exercise 5.1 the question mark?
1. Write the following numbers in generalised form.
(a) 42 (b) 769 (c) 654 (d) 306 (e) 437
33
2. The ratio of tens digit to the ones digit of atwo-digit number is 3:4. If 18
is added to the number, the digits interchange their places, find the number.
3. The sum of the digits of atwo-digit number is 16. If the new number
formed by reversing the digits is greater than the original number by 18,1 9
find the original number.
3 4
DIVISIBILITY TESTS
In the previous class, we have learnt how to test a number for its divisibility
by 2.3. 4, 6, etc. Now, we will learn some divisibility rules that are based on
the general form of a number. ?
Let us consider any 3-digit number, say xyz, whose general form is given by
100r +10y +zand check the divisibility of 3-digit numbers by the following
numbers.
78
Dvisibility by 10
1O0 1%. 19 ad l0y are dysissble hy I0 So. the nunher s whre
ble hy 10, if 2n disahle hy 10 which is peossihle only when the alue AMy iotes
umber drvisible by
Every
TUs, e Can say that s number h divisible hy j0. if its ones dig1t s ) 10 isafso drisible hby 3
FCxafmple. i60 S20, 970 and 430 are divisible hy 1)
1Dvisibility by 5
I0 10%2. 10)x and 10y are divisible by 5. So, the nunber as awhole
dsIssbie by 5 if z s divinible hy 5, which is possible only when z Is or 0. Error
Alarm
us, we can say that a given number will he divissble by 5 only if its ones by 5
A mber divisábie
dvissble
Deed not be
Cxample, 25, 70, I65 and 935 are divisible by 5. bry 10.
215 is divissble by 10
Divisibility by 2
100x 0y 2, since 100x and 10yarc divisible by 2. the number as awhole
815 is dvisible by 5
divs1ble by 2, ifz (the ones digit) is divisible by 2.
Tus, wc can say that a number is divisiblc by 2 if its ones digit is divisible by 2.
Cxample, 24, 1562, 2320and 698 are all divisible by 2.
Divisibility by 9
Lc can write the number 100x 10y z as
9)x 9y I*y z 90Ix y) * ty*z)
Thc first factor is divisible by 9.
becomes divisible by 9.
So. ifryz) is divisible by 9, then the whole number
if the sum of its
Thus, we can say that anumber wilI be divisible by 9 only
dgits is divisible hby 9. l My Notes
If a number is divisible by
18 is divisible by 9.
or example, 567 is divisible by 9, as 5 +6+7= 9, it isdivisible by 3 also.
Divisibility by 3 99x +9y t (ty z).
We can write the umber 100x + 10y + z as
Error
9IL y) +x y z).
divisible by 3. So, if (x +y tz) is Alarm
e have two factors, out of which first is A number divisible by 3
becomes divisible by 3.
visible hy 3, then the whole number not be divisible
will be divisible by 3 if the sum of i's dipits need
by 9.
hus, we can say that a number
divisible by 3. 903 is divisible by 9
345 is divisible by 3 as 3 + 4 + 5 =12 is divisible by 3.
or cxample,
Esample 4 Check the divisibility of 903 is divisible by 3
(b) 7596384 by 3
la) 4190004 by 9
79
number. Me get
(a) Add1ng the digits of the ginen
41,0,004 is divisible by 9,
Since 8 1s di isible by 9,
number. wc get
(h) Adding the digits of the given
746 4 ) 6 + 8 4 -42
by 3.
3. 7596384 is div isible 1. Find 2
Since 42 is diisible hy
Connet
of tg
2. for whi
Exercise 5.2
1. Whnch of the following numbers are divisible by 2? the sum
32. 17. 306, 93. 751.623. 102, 417, 408, 541 become
2. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 3? number
fol owing
o9. S28, 735, 486, 193, S40, 132. 916. 102
3. Which of the 11.121,
follow ing numbers are divisible by
0. 35. 900, 784, 555. 168, 476. 235. 500, 28
. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 9?
S58, 680, 459, 162, 963. 555. 132. 63, 918, 44
5. Which of the following numbers are divisible by T0:
80, 65, 29, 45. 70, 880. 505. 270, 400, 129 1. The
sum ci
6. The follow ing numbers are divisible by 9. Find the value of 'q' in each. number at
(a) q62 (b) lq56 (c) 7493 (d) 1268g (e) 9049 numbers
reversing 8
7. What should be added to 76843 to make it divisible by always dnvs
(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 3 (e) 2 2. The difere
5. What should be subtracted from 987431 to make it divisible by two-digit
the number
ma
(a) 5 (b) 10 (C) 9 (d) 3 (e) 2 by reversing
is always die
Number puzzles in which letters take the place of digits are very interesting and 3. The difere
challenging. However there are certain rules to be adhered to three-digt n
(a) Each letter can represent oniy one digit in a puzzle. the number
by reversing
(b) Letters can take values from 0 to 9. is always dis
(c) The first digit of a number cannot be zero. and 11.
(d) Digits in the numbers being added or multiplied cannot be repeated.
In this chapter, we will dealing with addition and multiplications only.
Example 5 FindA and B in 54 0 A .
+B 3 I 6
AAB 3
Solution: Notice the hundreds digit in both numbers:
4 +3 =A ’ A=7
Now substitute for A and find B. 5 4 0 7
5 +B = 7: B =7 - 5= 2: B =2 +2 3 | 6
.. The sum is A=7. B = 2 772 3
80
Eple 6 }B A
3BA
C CBO 0
CB A2A
3-C=B B=3-1 =4:
B - B A4- 4 =A or A= 8
.. The solution isA= 8, B =2.C= 1 I7140 0
Exercise 5.3
1Find the values of the leters.
2 BC (b) ABC3 A 2B C
(c)
-C7A 3D 1D6
6 4 B BD9 C 2C AI 0
8A A 3 0 BBD D0 0
87 BDC A 2 BC0 0
7D771 0
Write five 2-digit numbers the product of whose digits is even.
3. Write three 4-digit even numbers divisible by 9.
Write four 5-digit numbers divisible by 3.
Write a 3-digit number divisible by 3 whose digits are consecutively
decreasing.
MAGIC SQUARES
agic square is a square grid of numbers which add up to the same numbers
onzontaliy, vertically and diagonally. The sum is called the magic sum or the
aagic number.
efs learn to create 3 x 3 and 4 x 4 magic square:
3 magic square will have 9 numbers.
TW a3 3 grid. 18 19 20
iteany 9 consecutive numbers
consecutive numbers 21 22 23
he example, we have considered 9
ting from 18. (18 to 26) 24 25 26
Replace I8
with 26.
Step 1: Intenhange the numbers in the Step 2:
4 womers as shown Replace 19 20
26
J8 |9 20
22 23
21
18
21 23
18 25 26
24
24 25 26
Replace 20 with 24.
Step 4:
Step 3: Replace 24 nith 20.
19
8 19 20
26 24 1. Make a' Let
26
22 23 square ith
21 22 23
21
18
starting
the magicfromasun
20 2.
20 18 Make a
4 X4
25 6 square startin
4 25 26 Find the
ma
step (5) The magic sum is b0.
and make the new grid as shown in
Step 4:
20
21 26 19 Informatiocnatn
Communi
19
26 24 20 22 24
21 22 23
18
Prop
20 25 18 23 Wo
Have you heard
code? Research a
prepare a projea.
afew of your ow
4 x 4 MÁGIC SQUARES messages.
Observe the following 4 x 4 magic square. Name few
sum of 150.
This is a4 x4 magic square consisting of 16 numbers. The magic
industries
where we
The numbers in cach row, column or diagonal add up to 150. use Morse
Let us learn how to make a 4 x 4 magic square. code.
Select any set of 16 consecutive numbers, say starting from 30.
Place the numbers consecutively in a4 x 4 matrix.
Reverse the order of both the diagonals leaving the other numbers unchanged.
This becomes the 4 x 4 magic square with magic number 150.
30 31 32 33 45 31 32 42 45 31 32 42
34 35 36 37 34 35 36| 37 34 40 3937
38 39 40 41 38 39 4041I 38 36 35 41
42 43 44 45 33 43 44 30 33 43 44 30
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