Unit III – RISK MANAGEMENT

Overall risk analysis – Chapains model, E and FI model – Methods for determining
consequences effects, Effect of fire, Effect of explosion and toxic effects – Disaster
management plan – Emergency planning – Onsite and offsite emergency planning-
Risk management – Gas processing complex, refinery – First aids.
Emergency
Nobody expects an emergency till it affects them, their employees and their
business personally. The simple truth is that emergencies can strike anyone,
anytime and anywhere.
Avoiding emergencies is the essence of good management in a major hazard unit.
The best way to protect yourself, your workers, your business and well beings is to
expect the unexpected and develop a well thought and emergency action plan to
guide you when immediate action is necessary.

Workplace emergency
They may be manmade or natural, such as , floods, hurricanes, Tornadoes, fires,
toxic gas releases, chemical spills, Radiological accidents, Explosions, workplace
violence resulting in bodily harm and trauma.
Emergency planning
An emergency plan describes an organization's policy and procedures for coping
with an emergency situation onsite. These policies and procedures should define
how the organization will protect people and property. Developing the plan is the
process of assigning emergency related tasks to individuals in the organization and
outlining protective actions to be taken.
Need for Emergency planning
A well thought out, coordinated action plan helps prevent personal injury, property
damage, lessen the resulting confusion and to survive from the incident.
Employees, clients will need to know what to do to protect themselves during an
emergency.
Objectives of Emergency planning
• Contain and control the accident
• Rescue and treatment of the casualty
• Safeguard people
• Identify casualties, notify their relatives, rendering necessary help
• Rehabilitate of the area that affected
• Provide information to media and government agencies
• Preserve record for subsequent enquiry
Emergency planning concepts
• Appoint one person to implement the emergency plan and direct the organization's
response at the site
• Appoint a person from each work unit to carry out protective actions and other
emergency procedures
• Establish a central location to coordinate things and make decisions
• Establish adequate communication and warning capabilities
• Establish adequate evacuation procedures and sheltering capabilities
• Establish damage assessment capabilities

Emergency planning process

• Building the sire emergency team (Director, Site emergency coordinator, Unit
emergency coordinator, Emergency warning/communications coordinator,
Emergency assessment coordinator, Emergency maintenance coordinator) - size of
the team may vary according to the size of the organization.
• Conducting a hazard analysis
• Performing a capability assessment
• Creating a vital record preservation program
Development of emergency action plan
• An emergency plan must include the following
• A preferred method for reporting fires and other emergencies
• An evacuation policy and procedure
• Emergency escape procedures and route assignments such as floor plans,
workplace maps, safe / unsafe areas etc.
• Names, titles, departments and telephone numbers of individuals, both within
and outside the company to contact for additional information
• Procedures for employees who remain to perform shut down operations, operate
fire extinguishers, other essential services etc.
• Site of an alternative communication center to be maintained
• A secure location to store originals / duplicate copies of accounting records,
legal documents, employees emergency contact lists and other records.

Onsite emergency planning

Elements essential are
• Assessment of size and nature of events and the probability of occurrence
• Assessment of resources available at site and with outside agencies
 • Procedures for raising alarm and communication within and outside works
• Appointment of key personnel and defining their duties
• Provision of emergency control centres
• Actions required
• Time requirement in each step and realistic estimates are important
Off-site emergency planning
A major emergency may affect areas outside the works also and hence this is an
essential part of a hazard control system. A large number of government bodies are
involved in formulation and operation of an off-site plan. This plan must have and
Emergency coordinating officer as overall incharge of all off-site activities. Well
equipped emergency control centre is an essential feature of the plant.
Elements essential are
• A clear organisation structure with command structure, warning procedure and
emergency control centre
• An efficient communication system to alert the key personnel
• Details of availability of specialised equipments (bull dozers, fire extinguishers,
respirators etc.) and specialised services ( fire service, police, hospitals, etc.)
• Plans for evacuation, safe routes, medical treatment and rehabilitation
• System to inform public and media.
Disaster management plan
This plan encompasses technical, administrative, financial, social and legal actions
relating to disasters such as landslides, earthquakes, cyclones, storms, floods, fires,
droughts etc. It comprises of developing appropriate policies and rules in the following
areas:
• Development of data base and early warning communication system
• Disaster preparedness including social preparedness, response, rescue and relief.
• Disaster mitigation
• Rehabilitation and Reconstruction.
This plan should be based on 5-R strategy which includes Rescue, relief, Restoration,
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction.
Natural Disaster management is defined as pre-disaster preparedness and post disaster
response at both the primary and secondary levels. It involves management of (a)
volunteers, workers, agencies, institutions, administrations etc. (b) affected people and
their relatives ( c) lifelines and other services etc.
Elements of disaster management
• Prevention
• Mitigation
• Preparedness
• Relief
Objectives of National disaster management
• Reduce and avoid physical and economical losses
• Reduce personal sufferings by removing affected persons to safer place and providing them
the food, shelter and medicines
• Fasten recovery process
• Provide emergency supports.

Structure of Disaster management system

A 4-tier structure is preferred – like, central level, regional level, state level, local unit level with
intervention and response depending on the severity of disaster / calamity. Central and regional
level interventions are necessary for major calamities while state and unit level interventions
should respond to minor calamities.
Three types of response elements in disaster management plan
Operational response – to get the disruption under control as quickly as possible to resume the
normal life
Management response - to allocate resources and making critical decisions needed to resolve
the situation
Communication response - to communicate with employees, their families, officials, other
agencies and media.

Needs and Resources to tackle disaster

Protection from violence or harrassment, provision of shelter, food and fuel, water and
sanitation, Medical care, social services etc.
Risk management
• Risk management is the effective use of a risk assessment. It includes evaluation of
alternatives, determining the best action to reduce or to eliminate risk, designing and
executing a plan and monitoring the execution process.
• A risk manager based on the risk analysis may decide to take actions and to facilitate the
changes required for improvement.
• The result of an effective risk management process is the best use of available resources
to obtain the maximum overall benefit. The continued utilisation of this process saves
funds and resources for future risk analysis projects.
FIRST AID
Life of an injured person may depend on proper first aid given the first few minutes of
accident( Golden hour). Besides saving life, it prevents pain and further injury. It’s important
not only for major injuries , also for minor injuries .
It is defined as the provision of emergency treatment and life support for people suffering
injury/ill ness at work.
Benefits of First Aid
• Saves the life of the affected person
• Reduce the chance of permanent damag
• Prevents an injury from becoming more serious
• Reduce lost time work
• Minimise the length and extent of medical treatment.
Factory Act states the responsibility of the employer with regard to first aid
provision. This includes
• Providing and maintaining a first aid box or container as per the standard
required
• Nothing except first aid contents are to be kept inside the first aid box or
container
• Assigning responsibility of each first aid box or container to a responsible
person
• Training should be given to the persons appointed as first aiders
• Providing and maintaining first aid room in factories

Steps to determine the first aid requirements at workplace

(a) Spot the hazard (b) Assess the risk (c) Fix the problem (d) Evaluate the results

Contents of first aid box

First aid manual, sterilized adhesive tape, adhesive bandages in several sizes, sharp
scissors, safety pins, calamine lotion, thermometer, gloves, flashlight and extra
batteries, Mouthpiece for administering CPR, antiseptic - wipes, soaps, creams ,
solutions, emergency phone numbers
• Level of detail - The level of detail chosen will be influenced by several factors such as the
complexity of the facility, the goals of the analysis, available resources, the stage of the project, etc.
We can actively shape the level of detail by selecting appropriate methods for hazard identification
and the type of calculation tool.
• Tool selection - To enhance efficiency and ensure accuracy in your consequence analysis, consider
opting for a dependable modelling tool or software that aligns with the scope of your study. Each
tool will provide you with a diverse set of models and levels of complexity.
• Regulatory compliance - Ensuring that a consequence analysis study complies with relevant
regulations and standards is essential for several reasons. It helps maintain legal and regulatory
compliance, avoiding potential fines and legal consequences. It ensures that safety measures are in
line with industry best practices, reducing the risk of accidents and their associated consequences
and costs. compliance demonstrates a commitment to safety and responsible operations, enhancing
an organisation’s reputation and stakeholder trust.
• Sensitivity analysis - Assess the sensitivity of results to input parameters and assumptions. This
process helps identify which factors have the most significant impact on the outcomes and whether
variations in assumptions or data can lead to different results.
• Quality Assurance - Quality Assurance (QA) plays an important role in consequence modelling
studies, ensuring the reliability and accuracy of the results. encompasses an extensive review of
various elements, such as input parameters, underlying assumptions, and the final results. It
involves a thorough cross-checking of the simulation processes to identify and rectify any potential
errors or inconsistencies.
• Reporting and communication - Effectively communicate your methodology, assumptions,
results, conclusions, and recommendations to stakeholders with clear and concise reports.
Consequence modelling tools streamline reporting through the automated generation of graphs,
animations, and full reports.
Steps to consider before performing consequence analysis
Consequence analysis is a critical aspect of process safety and risk management as it
assesses the potential outcomes of the accidental release of hazardous chemicals in
industrial processes, ensuring the safety of personnel, assets, and the environment.
This study aids in regulatory compliance by identifying risks and helps organisations make
informed decisions about risk reduction and emergency planning,
• Objective definition - Clearly outline the goals and objectives of your consequence
analysis. The objectives of a consequence analysis study typically include assessing the
potential consequences of accidental chemical releases within a facility.
• Data collection - Gather accurate and comprehensive data related to your facility and
processes. This includes information on the facility layout, equipment, chemicals used,
process conditions, operating procedures, safety measures, emergency response plans,
and historical incident data.
• Hazard identification - Hazard identification helps in identifying all possible scenarios
and hazards that may lead to accidents occurring, by selecting realistic accident
scenarios based on your facility’s operations. The level of complexity depends on the
selected method - HAZOP, ETA or FMEA. The analysis needs to be performed by
an experienced professional
• Model selection - Choose a model for consequence analysis based on your specific
scenario and objectives. Consider factors such as the type of hazard, release mechanism,
available data, and required level of detail. Choose models that are validated and
verified for your specific conditions and substances being analysed. Validation involves
comparing model predictions with experimental data.
Overall risk analysis
Risk Analysis is a proven way of identifying and assessing factors that could
negatively affect the success of a business or project. It allows you to examine the
risks that you or your organization face, and helps you decide whether or not to
move forward with a decision.
.
Overall risk calculation
Risk Level = Probability x Risk = Likelihood x Severity. The resulting score
corresponds to a risk rating, often categorized as low, moderate, high, or extreme.

Why is risk analysis important?

• Risk analysis provides a structured approach to assess uncertainties, enhancing
an organization's adaptability and long-term success.

Steps in risk analysis process

• Identify the risk
• Perform a risk assessment
• Analyze the risks
• Develop a risk management plan
• Implement the risk management plan
• Monitor the risks
Types of risk analysis
Risk analysis comes in different forms, and organizations use various analysis
tools, depending on their needs and requirements.
• Risk-benefit analysis - The main goal of this risk-benefit analysis is to make
rational decisions by determining whether the potential benefits of a decision
outweigh the potential risks.
• Root cause analysis. A root cause analysis pinpoints the underlying reasons
behind a specific problem, issue or undesirable outcome.
• Needs assessment analysis. A needs assessment analysis is a step-by-step
method of determining what a business needs and where it's deficient or not
doing so well.
• Business impact analysis (BIA). A BIA evaluates the possible effects of
disruptions to crucial business processes.
Benefits of risk analysis
Minimize losses, Strengthen security, Mitigate risks , Improve resource
optimization, Increase awareness, Manage costs.
Drawbacks of risk analysis
Complexity in procedure, Time consumption and uncertainty results rarely