Vectors TYpes of Vectors

(i) Polan vectors

Scalas Guantities The Vectors
which have a stanting point or a
point of applicaton aL Calud pola vecrovs
A pysicad quantiy which Can be descyibed e Displacament, Forca etc.
Completeiy by t s magnitucl only and does not
reauire ouvechom is Known a s a scalas quantity () Axial vectors-
T obey rules of algebra
he ovdinary
he vectors which represends the rotati onad
e.. istance, mass, time, speed, tempesceturt etc. e ffe ct and act adong the axis of roiadion in accovdance

Vector Quantities
withright hand scras rull a n Calld axiad vectors
ea Angular velocify, tovqe, ngula memerdum ec.
A
phsicoal quandity which requires magnitudL
and a panicuar divection, ohen t expressed, is
Known as Veciov. Axis
Vecdev quanti ties must obey the rules of vector aJaebra
A vectov is Tepresented by a lne headed with
an arow. Its ungth is propoktiora! to its magnitude

Let A i s a ector. (i) Equal Vectors-

A P& Tuo vectors ara said to be equal b thy
Magnitude of A 1 = or A have equas magnitude amd Same ollrectiom.

The starting poi of he arroued n e (P) is

Callud
A E
Origin or point of application o the ectoY
The end Pint o the aoued ine is Callud tip
or hiad of the vector. A vector Can be displaced rom one point to another
The Aratht linu itsuy shoos the une of action i i t s ungth amd directiom art not alterud
of he vector.
(iv) E xample Sum of twD ctor
Oppasiti or Negative Vectors
So
ve

The vectovs ohich have equal magnitude A+(-A) = Note A(-A #

but obposite olirection Callud
u
obposyte ve ctors Hae O s a zero or nuu vectox.
AB omd BA au
bosite vectors

AB - BA (vi) Unit Yector

A ve ctor having unit maqnitud ib Callacd un
(V) Coplana Vectors - vector. I t is wsed to specif direction A unit vector

The vectors uwhieh anu acting in the sane

irepresendeel by A
plame aAL callid copana vectors Unit vector in the direction of A
Note Two vectors ans always Unit vec toy
Vector
Coplanan. Mogmrhude of Yector

Here A, and are

copanar A IAIÀ AA
vectors
*A unit vectoY i unitlus and dime nAontess vector
Gmd represents direckiom ony
(vi) Concurrent Vectors
The vectors ohich ane acting on h e Somne
In Cartesian Coordimades
t, omd k are he unit
Point ann called Concurrent vectors.
vectors along x-axis ,Y-axis
ana . qxis.

Note
which
Argle betun two vectors thot angle
meas wac han taey are joimed on
Concurend Vectors Nonconurent Vectors heao o had Ov taul to tai

(vii) Nu or 2ero vectors -

B
A vector maanitude is Callnd 60
having zero

null vector.
120 60
 Addi ion of two Vectors (li) Anolytico Method
vecor add ton Can be peomad b Lusing follousing
methocis
Graphical Mitthod (ii) Analytical Method

i Graphical Method
a) Triangle Lauw of two vectors
s- A
d ve Ctors acting on a
panticle are
represented in magnitude Cmd di vection by the ttwo Frorn ourarm PR PT+ RT2
Sids of atiangle in OYder , than heir
Yesultat vector irepreente2d
Same
I manituoi by t h
PR Pa+aT)+RT
thrd sicl of the triangle in obposite order of tha PR = A
BCose) + (esin)
s t wo vectors. 2
PR A 2 AB Cos 9 + 8
R Ä+B
Thus the resultant of A +is
Resultant R A A2 +B++2ABCos9
The ange of rebultant with A is , whet
(6) Parallelogam Law of two vectors
tan a tan od BSm
Boso
It tuwo vectors atina on a
particle
de a
o re
e

represeted in and r
mogmitude and
e c h i o by he two
cirection
adjacent sidis of a panallulo gram doun from a point
than thuiv Tesulant, vector ia represerted in mamitde Impor tant Pointss-
ond dire chi m by the diagonal of the paralllogramn
drawn from the Sme Pant. i) Resultant of two vectors wil be maximum when
hu Panall ie. amgle betutun them ( ) is zerc
R-AE
Rmax A+B+ 2AB Cos0 (A+e)
OY
Rman A+
) Resultont ot two vectors willbe minimum when X Ik two vectors have equa magmitudr A i
thuy a r anhiprallul ie omgle betueun hum (e) is 186 and angle betwen tharm han Ye tari w
be at the bisectOY of A omd and Ts magntu
Rnim A +2A9Cos 180 J(A-a) equal Jo 2.a Cos

oYRmin A B ger Smaltur) IR A1E 2aCos

Speciad Case I 120
(in) Vector addi tion ib Commutadive
then R
2a Cos 120:a
A
L.e R A 1B= a
iv) Vector adition isasociatve
*I Tesultand of two unit vectors is another unrt
vectoY than the angie beween him e12c

v) Resultant of two vectors of equal magmituok m|

be ot thir blAector.

(vi) I vectors ane of umequal maqnituce thun minimum

hre CoplanaA vectors a requived for zero resultant.

(vi) I A> TI hen B > a.

Hence R will be move incline
towands he vectov of bigger
magmtude. whu

Vii) I ectTs are of m equal magnitude and non

Coplana han, minimum 4- ectoTS aTe Yequu red
Zro resultont.
Acldition of more than two vectoYs (Law of Folygon) -

Impostan Poinds
Sonme vectors vepresented by sicdes of (1) ThL Vectov Subtrachion doesnt
) theiv redtart ve ctor i
follou Cornmutative La
Poygon soie ovclt, han
TEpYesnteo by he closing siol of polygon in thu opposite -
Ovdir
(2.) The vector subtract on doebrit follous aouaive iaus.
D
-a)-e #T-(S-T)
Note -1 In a polygon ib (3.) T two vectors a equal in magnitude iA = E a
vectors a In Cand & he angle betwern han, than
Same ovclus hen hulr
Yesultant is a null vectox I a + a - 20 CosB 2a Sin

2 I n vectors of equal maqmitude a e amanged ad equa specialCase; T 60 then 2a Sin a

angles of Aepaatuon than heir reutant is alun zero IA- =

IÄ =
|B1 = a

Subtrachion of two vectors -

(4) I two vectors a e Such that h i r sum and thur

Aomol are tuv vectors. Thir diffeence vectors have equad magnituds then angle by
Let diffohanee the en vectDYS (B) = 90.
A- Can bpe reated as Aum of he vector A
amd vectoY (-B) Le. hn 90

A -D: A+GB) (5) I A -E then O(null vector)

Hence to Subtract from
invet he durection of
(C Iy difoance of turo unit vectors ano ther unit
A, ve cto then the angle between them is 60'.
eand acd to vector A
accovding to las of tnangle
-
- = J A+8-2ABCose

Tb as the angde of di jference vector from vector A

+han
tan a sine
A- BCose
 Note T 2amd dunote unit vectors along o
Lami's Thorem nd OY respecHvely than
Iy thiee vectors A,B and a r r represented both
in magnitude and oirection by the sides of a triangle OB a Cos 9 i Ond OC a Sinej
taken in the same ovde, then A++C=o. So hat accOrduna to rulu oh vector addition
amd als0-
OA o O
A
slna sinp siT
Sinr oY a axl+a a aCoset +asine
de between
angle ond T
Note (1) The Componunt ef a vectov along
angle betwean and AA Perpencdieulas divection is alwajs zero
Y angle between A ond A

Resokution of Vectors indo ectomguas Componends ACos 90 =o

Lohen a vectors splittecd into Componnts
which a at nght angle to each o t h han t h
(2.) A vector
Con ponands Callud
i indeperndent of the osientahon af
a
rectangulan or
Orhogoma axe
but the Components xes of thot vector de penods
Com ponants of the vector.
upon the 0Tientation of
In AOAB
OA
oB oA Cose

ax aCos
c
ayasine
and OA Sine
AG OA Sin 6 : oc
aCos6 B X
Or
ay a Sine
Rectongulan Compenints of a vector in threL Dimensions OY
Ce a las*p +
Cosr=1
NON
OC ayj and oB Atso C1-Sinta) (1-sit e) +1-Sir)1
-
sintasinp +Snr =2
Also (oA) = © e + (EA*
Tmportant Points-
But (oE (oB (oD i) A vector Can be resolutd in maximum infinu te
amd EA OC numbe of Compoments

(OA) = (oa +(oD (o«* i ) Maximum number of ectangulan omponanis of a

a vectorin a plane is two. but maxi mum numbes
a a a of rectangulas Componants in space (3-D) three.
HencL a
a a+a Cil )Vectov aclaition, whan vectors ane in tenms of
rectargulas Componends
Directiomal Cosines t o vectors A and B in tmrez dimensions
Let A maks angle oa as
wIth Xaxis, B with axis
A: A.T r* Ay+Azk
and Bi+ By+ Bzk
and Y wi tth z axis , hen -
hen he resultant vector is
Cos a A or
Ax= ACod R
Cos p oY
Ay ACsp OY R (Ax Bx)i +(Ay *)î (A«ta)k +

Cosr or Az = ACesY
TI A.+B.)* (Ay+B,
+
(Az +B
Here Cos d, CasB Omd Cusr anl directional Cosines
of he vector. R - then
Note T
By Puting the values of Ax, Ay and A in equatim R A« -B«)i Ay By)
+ + (Az-G-)*
a a az a
+ +
we t
AZ A Cosa+ Acosp + ACr
IRI J (Ar-B,) +(Ay -6,)+ (Ar-B
Mudiplication or Division of a ecor by Scaa Cii) SCalah product is Commujotive
In mutiplicati on ot a vector by a scalar the A.E .
magi tuda becomes k times wile the divection
remain Same. Ciii) Scalan product iA disti butu ve

R KA
Cii) In division of avectoy by a scalar, the maqni Liv) Scalan prdduct ob tiwo vectoys wil be maximum
tude becomes /K times and the drec tion remains when Cos & max = ie 8-0'
Sone ie. vectdYs Panalle.

Note A Scalas ov a vector , can not be divided (A.@)ma AB

by a vectdT.
(v) Scalar prdduct of two ve ctoYs wili be Zero
When Cos6 = 0 e 9o (Vectors are pe-
Pendi Culas to each othn)
Scalan ov dot Product of two vectors
The Scalan produc (oY dot prnduct) of to (vi) FoY OYhogonad unit vectorS i3 and
vectors is definad as the Product of their magnitudes
with Cosine of he angle betwun hem
Thus it thue ae t u veetors and .i =
$:1 kk =1xlxCoso = 1
A and haing angle e bthwen
them hen h i r scalas product e
is witten (vii) Im tesms of Compoments
A ABCs or C )
A- =
A +
Ay By t
A B
Impontant Points .
() Scalan Product of tioo vectors is always a sear.
(Vii) We Can mot divide a vector by omother vecos.
I t i s posittve i angle betwean he vectoys
acute le < 96) and hegetive i angle betucen thum by Umesh Rajoria
SCIENCE CAREER COACHING
is
obtuse (6>90"). Comt.8003024131, 9309068859
 Vectoy Product of two vectors Impohtant Points -

The vectov produc# or cress poduct of two (i) Vector Product of tuso veciors not Commutative.
ve ctoYs
dakinid
is having magnitude equal
as a vectoY
to he product of thei magnitude s with the sine xB#BxT But 1Axe1 =
/x =
ABSin
of angle betwean them, and t s direction is per
Pendicwa o the Plane containing both the vectors Note AxE=-BxA e in Case of vectors AxE
according on gight hand scre rue or right hand nd BA agoitucle s equal but directons an
humb h
Mumb rue. OPpOsitee.

I A and Bare hwo vectors,

hen theiy vector Product ie.
is a vector defined

(i) The vectoy poduct is istibutive when the ovder of

the vectors is shrictly maintai
Rignt Ha nd Thumb Rule -

Fist o{ al place the vec tor A and B tail to tail.

Alo place stretched fingers md thumb of right hand C) The veccor Product of two vectors will be maximum
perpendicuwar plane of a n d such that when sine max
the fingers along he vector A. It the fingers
nos clbsed
deVector poduct is maxjmum i the vectors ame
thruugh Smallii angle So as 3
othogonal ( Perpendiculas).
Dihds , then the thumb ives the diveckion of
Ax ie. gV)The vectoY Product af two non zaro vectors is zero
when Sin = o 0 er 180
Exam ples of Vector Aroduct Le. 1 the vector product of two non- zero vecovs is
zero, then the vectors ane Collinea.
(t Torque T F ii) velocity VF
(iit Angdar Momentum T TxF F (V) In Case of orthoaena unit ectors t,j and *
iv) Acceleration a T
Here i position vector and F, P. and are and ix k , s«k =t , k«t i
ForCe linear momend um, angulan vlocity and angulan.
acceleroton respectivel and Jxt-* , k*j =-i , î»k J
VIIn i Magnituole of CDss preduct of A and
derms of Comporents Ax = ABsine (op) (oQ) sint

or AxB = (oP ) (Na) NG = O@sin e )

A A
y AEI = base
x haigkt Area of Parailulogram OPR

oY
AxB -

(Ay9 -A.e)l -

(A«B-A,.&,) (A«By-Ay)
+ *T} A cmd a stwo aaljacunt sidus of a

Porallaloqram +than ds area = Ax B

(vii) T A, and au caplanan, thn T-(xT) =o Area of A Poa=_base x haight

2
(viid Vector product of tuo vecors ia always a vector (oP)(Na)
petpendieulak o the phne cortining he turo vtctors. 2

*Ib A onod e ar two siles of a triangle , then

ix Unit vechor pespendicular to A as well as
Anta of triangle =IAXB
AxE
Cii) I A and u diagonad ofa paralldogram
oY +T o, Hhen A, B and
ArAa of parallulogram =
I
ie in one piane.

(xi Projectiom of a vector in the direction of vector

Direction sense
N

Geometrical Meaning of vector Product of two vectors-

Let wo vectors A and
which are representad by oP ond Example:
N
õd amdLPoa 6
Nouw Complete the parallklegan
OPRa. Tin P and a. Here oP AA
and N
oG . Dras GN1 OP 30 North of East South-West 60 West of North