3.
EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
© Pearson Education Limited 2012
Chapter Objectives
❑ To introduce exponential functions and their applications.
❑ To introduce logarithmic functions and their graphs.
❑ To study the basic properties of logarithmic functions.
❑ To develop techniques for solving logarithmic and exponential equations.
Chapter Outline
3.1 Exponential Functions
3.2 Logarithmic Functions
3.3 Properties of Logarithms
3.4 Logarithmic and Exponential Equations
3.1 Exponential Functions
❑ The function f defined by f (x ) = bx
where b > 0, b 1, and the exponent x is any real number, is called an
exponential function with base b.
Example 1 – Graphing Exponential Functions with b >1
Graph the exponential function f ( x ) = 2x
Example 1 – Graphing Exponential Functions x
with 0 < b < 1
Graph the exponential function f ( x ) = 1
2
Solution:
3.2 Logarithmic Functions
▪ y = logbx if and only if by = x
▪ Fundamental equations are log b b x = x and blog x = x
b
Example– Converting from Exponential to Logarithmic
Form
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form
a. Since 52 = 25 it follows that log525 = 2
b. Since 34 = 81 it follows that log381 = 4
c. Since 100 = 1 it follows that log101 = 0
Graph of y = 2x and graph of y = log2 x.
Example – Finding Logarithms
a. Find log100
Solution: log 100 = log (10 ) = 2
2
b. Find ln1
Solution: ln 1 = 0
c. Find log0.1
−1
Solution: log 0.1 = log 10 = −1
d. Find lne–1
Solution: ln e −1 = −1ln e = −1
e. Find log366
Solution: log 6 1
log36 6 = =
2 log 6 2
3.3 Properties of Logarithms
▪ Properties of logarithms are:
1
4. logb = − logb m
1. logb ( mn) = logb m + logb n m
m 5. logb 1 = 0
2. logb = logb m − logb n
n 6. logb b = 1
3. logb mr = r log b m loga m
7. logb m =
loga b
Example – Finding Logarithms by using Table 3.4
a. Find log56
Solution: log56 = log( 8x7 )
= log8 + log7
0.9031 + 0.8451
= 1.7482
b. Find log
9
Solution: 2
9
log = log 9 − log 2 0.9542 − 0.3010 = 0.6532
2
Example – Finding Logarithms by using Table 3.4
c. Find log64
Solution:
log 64 = log 82 = 2 log 8 2(0.9031) = 1.8062
d. Find log 5
Solution:
1 1
log 5 = log 51/ 2 = log 5 (0.6990 ) = 0.3495
2 2
Example – Writing Logarithms in Terms of Simpler Logarithms
x
a. Write ln in terms of lnx, lnz, and lnw.
zw
x
Solution: ln = ln x − ln( zw) = ln x − (ln z + ln w)
zw
= ln x − ln z − ln w
Chapter 3: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
3.3 Properties of Logarithms
Example 25 – Writing Logarithms in Terms of Simpler Logarithms
(Cont’d)
x 5
( x − 2) 8
Write ln 3 in terms of lnx, ln( x − 2), and ln( x − 3)
x −3
Solution: x5 ( x − 2)8
1/3
x 5 ( x − 2)8 1 x 5 ( x − 2)8
ln 3 = ln = ln
x −3 x −3 3 x −3
1
= {ln[ x5 ( x − 2)8 ] − ln( x − 3)}
3
1
= [ln x5 + ln( x − 2)8 − ln( x − 3)]
3
1
= [5ln x + 8ln( x − 2) − ln( x − 3)]
3
Example – Simplifying Logarithmic Expressions
3x
a. Find lne
Solution: lne3 x = 3x.
b. Find log1 + log1000
Solution: log1 + log1000 = 0 + log10 = 0 + 3 = 3
3
c. Find log7 9 78
Solution: log7 9 78 = log7 78 / 9 = 8
9
27
d. Find log 3
81
Solution: log 27 = log 3
3
= log3 ( 3−1 ) = −1
3 3
81
4
3
1
e. Find lne + log
10
Solution: ln e + log 1 = ln e + log 10 −1
= 1 + (−1) = 0
10
Example 2 – Evaluating a Logarithm Base 5
Find log52
Solution: 5x = 2
log 5 x = log 2
x log 5 = log 2
log 2
x= 0.4307
log 5
3.4 Logarithmic and Exponential Equations
▪ A logarithmic equation involves the logarithm of an expression
containing an unknown.
▪ An exponential equation has the unknown appearing in an
exponent.