1.

EQUATIONS AND
INEQUALITIES
1.1 Linear Equations 1
1.2 Quadratic Equations
1.3 Applications of Equations

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 Chapter Objectives
❑ To solve linear equations.

❑ To solve quadratic equations.

❑ To model situations described by linear or quadratic
equations.
❑ To solve linear inequalities in one variable and to introduce
interval notation.
❑ To model real-life situations in terms of inequalities.

❑ To solve equations and inequalities involving absolute

values

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 Chapter Outline

1.1 Linear Equations

1.2 Quadratic Equations
1.3 Applications of Equations
1.4 Linear Inequalities
1.5 Applications of Inequalities
1.6 Absolute Value

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 1.1 Linear Equations
Equations
• An equation is a statement that two expressions are equal.
• The two expressions that make up an equation are called its sides.
• They are separated by the equality sign, =.

Example 1 – Examples of Equations

a. x + 2 = 3
b. x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0
y
c. =6
y −4
d. w = 7 − z
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 •A variable (e.g. x, y) is a symbol that can be replaced by a number.

To solve an equation means to find all values of its variables for which the equation is true.

These values are called solutions and are said to satisfy the equation.

When only one variable is involved, a solution is also called a root.

The set of all solution is called the solution set of equation.

Somtimes a letter representing an unknown in an equation is simply called an unlnown.

Let us ilutrate these terms.

Example
a) In the equation x+2=3 the variable x is unknown.

The only value of x that satisfies the equation is obvously ………

Hence ………..is a root and the solution set is……….

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b) -2 is a root of 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 because substitutig -2 for x makes the equation true

c) w=7-z is an equation in two unknowns. One solution is the pair of values w=4 and z=3.

However, there are infinitely many solutions.

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Equivalent Equations
• Two equations are said to be equivalent if they have exactly the same solutions.

• There are three operations that guarantee equivalence:

1. Adding/subtracting the same polynomial to/from both sides of an equation.

2. Multiplying/dividing both sides of an equation by the same nonzero constant.

3. Replacing either side of an equation by an equal expression.

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However, there are operations that may not produce equivalent equations

4. Multiplying both sides of an equation by an expression involving the variable.

5. Dividing both sides of an equation by an expression involving the variable.

6. Raising both sides of an equation to equal powers.

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Linear Equations
• A linear equation in the variable x can be written in the form

where a and b are constants and

• A linear equation is also called a first-degree equation or an equation of degree one.

Example 3 – Solving a Linear Equation

Solve 5x − 6 = 3x .

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 Example 4 – Solving a Linear Equation

Solve 2(p+4)=7p+2

Example 5 – Solving a Linear Equation

7x + 3 9 x − 8 First clear the equation of fractions by multiplying both

Solve − = 6. sides by the Least Common Denominator (LCD)
2 4

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Literal Equations
• Equations where constants are not specified, but are represented as a, b, c, d, etc. are called
literal equations.
• The letters are called literal constants.

Example 6 – Solving a Literal Equation

Solve (a + c )x + x 2 = ( x + a )2 for x

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Fractional Equations
• A fractional equation is an equation in which an unknown is in a denominator.

Example 7 – Solving a Fractional Equation

Solve 5 6
= .
x −4 x −3

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Example 8 – Literal Equation
u
If s = au + v , express u in terms of the remaining letters; that is, solve for u.
Solution:

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 Radical Equations
• A radical equation is one in which an unknown occurs in a radicand.

Example 9 – Solving a Radical Equation

Solve x2 + 33 − x = 3
Solution:

Köklü ifadeyi yanlız bırak, her iki tarafında karesini al.

Sonra yerinde dene.

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Example 10 – Solving a Radical Equation

Solve y − 3 − y = −3.
Solution:

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 1.2 Quadratic Equations

• A quadratic equation in the variable x is an equation that can be written in the form

where a, b, and c are constants and

A quadratic equation is also called a second-degree equation or an equation of degree two, since the highest
power of the varible that occurs is the second.

Whereas a linear equation has only one root, a quadratic equation may have two or different roots

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Example 1 – Solving a Quadratic Equation by Factoring
a. Solve x 2 + x − 12 = 0.
Solution:

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b. Solve 6w2 = 5w

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 Example 2 – Solving a Higher-Degree Equation by Factoring
4 x − 4 x 3 = 0.

x ( x + 2)2 ( x + 5) + x ( x + 2)3 = 0.

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Example 3 – Solution by Factoring

x2 = 3

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 ❑ Solution by completing the square
• This method is based on the process of writing the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 in the form (x + M)2 =
N, where M and N are two constants.

Example 4 – Solving completing the square

Solve the following equations by completing the square.

a. x2 + 2x – 8 = 0

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Quadratic Formula
• The roots of the quadratic equation
ax 2 + bx + c = 0
can be given as

− b  b2 − 4ac
x=
2a

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Example 5 – A Quadratic Equation with One Real Root
Solve 2 + 6 2y + 9y 2 = 0 by the quadratic formula.

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Example 6 – A Quadratic Equation with Two Real Roots

4 x 2 − 17 x + 15 = 0

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Example 6 – A Quadratic Equation with No Real Solution

x2 + x + 1 = 0

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 Quadratic-Form Equation
• When a non-quadratic equation can be transformed into a quadratic equation by an
appropriate substitution, the given equation is said to have quadratic-form.

Example 7 - Solving a Quadratic-Form Equation

1 9
6
+ 3 + 8 = 0.
x x

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 1.3 Applications of Equations
In most cases, to solve practical problems you must translate the relationships stated in the problems
into mathematical symbols. This is called modeling. The following examples illustrate basic
techniques and concepts.

Example 1: Mixture

A chemist must prepare 350 ml of chemical solution made up of two parts alcoho and three parts
acid. How much of ech should be used?

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 In the next example, we refer to some business terms relative to a maunufacturing firm

•Fixed cost is the sum of all costs that are independent of the level of production, such as rent, insurance, and
so on. This cost must be paid whether or not output is produced.

•Variable cost is the sum of all costs that are dependent on the level of output, such as labor and material.

•Total cost = variable cost + fixed cost

•Total revenue = (price per unit) × (number of units sold) The money that the manufacturer receives for selling
the output.

• Profit = total revenue − total cost

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 Example 2- Profit

The Anderson Company produces a product for which the variable cost per unit is $6 and fixed cost
$80.000. Each unit has a selling price of $10. Determine the number of units that must be sold for the
company to earn a profit of $60.000
Solution: Let q be the number of units that must be sold (q represents quantity)
Variable Cost is:
Total Cost is:
Total Revenue for selling 10 units is:
Profit = total revenue − total cost

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Example 3 Investment

A Total $10,000 was invested in two business ventures, A and B. At the end of the first year, A and B
yielded returns of 6% and 5.75%, respectively, on the original investments. How was the original
amount allocated if the total amount earned was $588.75?

Let x = amount ($) invested at 6%

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