Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
Department of Mathematics
MA101 - Calculus
First Semester of Academic Year 2025-26
Tutorial Sheet - 4
x2 + 6x + 5
1. Given f (x) = , x0 = −5, ϵ = 0.03. Find L = lim f (x). Then find a number δ > 0
x+5 x→x0
such that for all x, 0 < |x − x0 | < δ =⇒ |f (x) − L| < ϵ.
2. Evaluate the limits of the following, if they exist:
1
cos(2x − 1) x
− 12 tan 2x
(a) lim (b) lim 3 (c) limπ
x→0 cos(x − 1) x→−2 x − 8 x→ 2 x − π2
√
x2 + 4 − 2 xm − 1 sin 3x cot 5x
(d)lim (e)lim , m, n ∈ N (f)lim
x→0 x2 x→1 xn − 1 x→0 x cot 4x
|x| |x|
3. Find lim− and lim+
x→0 x x→0 x
x
4. Prove that lim f (x) = 0, if f (x) = 2x for x < 0 and f (x) = for x ≥ 0.
x→0 2
1 1
5. Prove that lim cos does not exist but lim x cos = 0.
x→0 x x→0 x
6. Suppose the function f : R −→ R has limit L at 0 and let a > 0. If g : R −→ R is defined by
g(x) = f (ax) for x ∈ R, show that lim g(x) = L.
x→0
7. Let f : R −→ R be defined by
1 if x ∈ Q
f (x) =
0 if x ∈ Qc
Using ϵ − δ definition of limit, prove that limit of f (x) does not exist at any point in R.
8. Let f : R → R be such that lim f (x) exists for α ∈ R. Show that
x→α
lim [f (α + h) − f (α − h)] = 0.
h→0
Analyze the converse.
9. Consider the limit statement: lim x2 = 4. Find a value of δ > 0 that will guarantee that whenever
x→2
x is within distance δ from 2(but not equal to 2), x2 is within distance 0.01 from 4.
10. Investigate left and right hand limits for the following functions as x → x0 and determine whether
limit exists.
2
(a)f (x) = x[x], x0 = 0 (b)g(x) = x2 [x], x0 = 1 (c)h(x) = (−1)[x]−[x ] , x0 = 2
where [x] is greatest integer ≤ x.
4x2 + 2x − 11 if x ∈ Q
11. Let f : R → R be defined by f (x) = Show that lim f (x) exist for
3x2 + x − 5 if x ∈ Qc x→α
precisely two values of α.
12. Let c ∈ R and f : R → R be such that lim[f (x)]2 = L.
x→c
(a) Show that if L = 0, then lim f (x) = 0.
x→c
(b) Show by example if L ̸= 0 then f may not have limit at c.
13. Determine whether the following limit exists in R:
1
lim sgn sin , x ̸= 0.
x→0 x
1 if x > 0
where sgn(x) = 0 if x = 0
−1 if x < 0
14. Discuss the continuity of the following functions:
1
(a)f (x) = sin if x ̸= 0 and f (0) = 0
x
x
[x] if 1 ≤ x < 2
(b)f (x) = 1 if x = 2
√
6 − x if 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
15. Using ϵ − δ definition, prove the continuity of the following functions:
(a)f (x) = cos x for
all x ∈ R.
1
(b)f (x) = x2 cos if x ̸= 0 and f (0) = 0
x
1
(c)f (x) = x sin if x ̸= 0 and f (0) = 0
x
16. Let f : R → R satisfy f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for all x, y ∈ R. If f is continuous at x = 0, show
that f is continuous at every x ∈ R.
x if x ∈ Q 1
17. Let g(x) = c . Show that g is continuous only at x = .
1 − x if x ∈ Q 2
18. If f : [0, 1] → R is continuous and has only rational[respectively, irrational] values, then f must
be constant. Prove your assertion.
19. Suppose that f : R → R is continuous on R and f (r) = 0 for every rational number r. Prove that
f (x) = 0 for all x ∈ R.
20. (a) Suppose that the function f : [0, 1] → R is continuous and that f (x) ≥ 2 if 0 ≤ x < 1. Then
show that f (1) ≥ 2.
(b) Suppose f is continuous on [0,1] and f (x) > 2 if 0 ≤ x < 1. Is it necessary the case that
f (1) > 2?
21. Determine theintervals
over which the following functions are continuous.
x+2 √
(a)f (x) = sin (b)g(x) = cos( x) (c)h(x) = tan(sin(x))
x−2
22. If f, g are continuous at x0 ∈ R, then show that max{f, g} and min{f, g} are continuous at x0 .
23. Let f : [0, 1] → R have the property that the limit g(x) := lim f (t) exists in R for all x ∈ [0, 1],
t→x
then show that g is continuous.
24. Give an example of a function f : [0, 1] → R that is discontinuous at every point of [0,1] but |f |
is continuous on [0,1].
25. Determine the points of discontinuity of the function:
2
1 ex +1
(a) g(x) = (b) h(x) = x .
2 − 4 cos(3x) e − 2e1−x
loge x if 0 < x < 1
26. Consider the function f (x) = 2 , if f (2) = 3, determine the values of a
ax + b if 1 ≤ x < ∞
and b for which f (x) is continuous.
1
if x ≤ −1
(x + 3)2
27. Let f (x) = 2−x if −1 < x ≤ 1 , find all values of x where f is NOT continuous.
3
if x > 1
x+2
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