Lineintegralofscalar functions

Fre

CoeR A function C a b 1R which is

cts is called a curve

C a b 1123
mnR

If C is a curve we also write

Ct LEI Y t Z t
k t YH Z t x̅
then x Y Z are cts fns of te a b When we express
as in we
say C is a parametrised curve

hcwveinIR A curve C Taib IR

 which is parmetrized as E CRCH 9 t ZHI
is called smooth if each of x y Z are diffible
function and XH 914 ZH O tE a b

Notation Book also write t as F t

and uses h g k insteadof x y Z

ie E XCH 9 H Z t

P t t Yt ZEE

F t he É get hak
position vector

Example1 Line segment

joining P Xo9o and
1 1,41 Q

Want Cp Q 0,1 IR S.t

Xin
C t st
5
o 0,90
and 1 xp y
C t Xoxo 1 01 7030
 1 t 40,90 1,91 0 t 1

Exercise Cap t

Example
t 0,90 r cost sint

tea fÉ
 Lineintegrals C a b R
f 113 IR

f x sz

f is z ds

F b

C F t X t 941 ZHI
a t b P this it

position vector

velocity vector

t
df E t 1 41
dealt
1184711 Z AS
speed

[Link] ff F
at

X Y
 As
11 11 At

7 Ect At dt

ds 1171411 at Idf at

S ds

11TE21dE
f x s z

1
FI XH 9IH ZH1

If C E C ie smooth differentiable
t
and F 1H 0 t

then integral in exist

Do example 1 2 3
Examples f x y z x 3y Z

Curve C is the line joining origin

0,0 0 to 1 1,1

Sl C F t t y t Z t

X t Y 4j ZH

J f x s z ds

I FH Fell at
C F t alt YH Z t

1 t 0,0 0 1,1 1
t t t o t 1

df 1 1,1

df B to

f xmz ds 53 at
of it
 3 2 1 Bdt

3
53 E 3
53 2 3

O
Examples f x yz 2xy 212

C F t H YH Z t

cost sint t

t IT

IF sint cost 1

Full sinfcotti JITT D to

f x z ds
t
Sf HI SHI ZHI deal at

521 f cost sint E It

 Jf E
2 cost sint at

52 sin2t at

l
3
E 1 3 1 0

z2 AZ
15 f y

C1 Pct t t often
111
C2 FH
if t

x
and

f 17,2 ds
Catcz

Jc f xm z de Sc f xy z ds

In Iz
 C1 F t XE Slt ZH t
2,0
Keto
dfe t 4,2 10 If ttT
111 11 0 team

2
I 2,0 1 4 at
of
1

t 0 4 at

2
4 4 2tdt

415 4th du du stat

4 555 1 1 555 1

If
2 de
Is 1,1 t 1 at 2

2
 In I 555 1

5655 53 16

555

EQ In
S f xs ds let C denotes

the line segment joining 1,2 to 4,6

Write ds in terms of It

81 M t 1 t 1 2 t 4,6

1 41,2 1 2 64

3t 2 4t

as
1st at

da 3,41 1 SEE
5
Q C 22 22 4,270

In Yds compute ds at

501 FG cost 2s int

II t 2sint 2 cost

Fact 2

ds 2 dt

Q If a force F xI yj acts on a

particle along a straight path from 0,0 to

2,2 what is the work done by F along this
path

Sol G 2 121 often

1 2,2

[Link] ELTED Felt

t 2t 2,2 at

4 4 at

8 at 8 12
8 12 4
 Vector field F IR IR that assigns
to each point in its domain a vector
in IR ie 4 9,2 R we have a unique vector

FED EIR

F xyz M xis z N x yz P x z

M N P in short

ME Njt P

Examples I I

Example F YI

if half
did I
 Examples Radial vector field F IR 1122

F x s x s

xY

Examplel Rotation vector field spin field of rotating

unitvector
F x s Y X

velocity field for uniform rotation at unit

angular velocity

xtiy V w̅ 0

90 counter
i I
f
clockwise
df
velocityfield for uniform
rotation with unit angular velocity
 Example R R F xy
S.t fy fy exist

Df x f F s f xis f x

gradient vectorfield
ply If f IR IR Mf x f fz

Let say

Exampled T 100 x2 x2 22

IT Tx Ty Tz 2x 29 22 2 x y Z
Examples f xy sin x y

Df fx fy Y cos x g cos x y

Exercise f Xy Sin x y
 Line integrals of vector fields Work done
by a force over a curve in Space

Let F be a vector field in IR ie toeach

point in R we are associating a vector in IR

F IR 1R

F x s z M xs z Nexis z P x yz

in short
M N P
or F ME Nj PE

Let C Fct XH t Z 1 is a smooth

curve

d t velocity vector

Lt 1ft t

is the vector tangent to the curve at t

W Force distance F
F DF

FEB
Work amount of energy
provided by theforce
to move particle from A
to B
Force distance

It F AT
i

W F dr
 F DR
Kyo
F
o IzΔt
T
velocity vector

w dfe at
F It at

Example e yay
C PE t
0 t 1
2
YE

F dr t t

F of de 1,2
dt
 F YE x EI t

YE 4 1 21

fo ᵗ 2 2 at

Sit at
Another way
F M I NT PE
dr dx dy dz just notation

F dr M dx N dy P dz

F dr Mdx N dy P dz
c

just notation

express everything in terms

of t Use parametric eq
 Backtoexamples F s x
that
C 2

F do Max Ndy

ydx xdy

Edt t 2tdt
C

Edit 2 at
2

So't dt

Note F dr depends on C but not on parameterization

C
Examples Evaluate I y dx z dy 2x dz

where C is the helix

F t cost I sint tk
cost sint t o t 21T
t Y t Z t

cost y sint Z t
dx sint at dy cost at dz It

I sint sint at t cost dt

cost at

int cost 2 cost at

1 1
411 2cost cost at

cos 2t 1 2sin t

t since 2 sint

1 cost at
 r o o o sine

1 1 sint at

a 0 cost

at o it

2
Exercist dy C n t 9
for 1 2

dy So 2tdt 2 It

2dt 2 t E
2 2 1 2
ExerciseI Jay dx

0,3 1,3

So Sent Se
3W Y 3X
I Iz I3
0,078 1
I So Ft at

Ci F t 21 1,91 1 1 3 t 32

t 4 31 0 t 1

I 2 at 2

2
3 1 0 43

Is So My dx Mt x y 1 t 113 0,3
t 3 3 31
JFt3 at
1 13
1 t 4 3
4112 at
514
4 t U
4112 du de du
4
to 4 t 1
31
4
 23 632 23 353 8

253 13

I dx
Fty t
0
H 4H
311 t
Odt
SyFy x 0
dx Odt
O

My dx I 253

253
253 4
26 S F dr F YI y x

F Tds
C
F IFI T T
L Flds
51 27 ds as

arc length of quarter circle

21
 vdoP n
ving an object from point A F a
to B P b
along C is

[Link] F Fcti
[Link] t
dEedt

Umttangentctor

f
F
E
E It
If
hastobe
Fun

Velocity has direction tangent to tray

length speed He

III
HEFEI AT AS
DIE THE
Examples C x acost Y asint

1 Fs I y

SET
Sods
C
0

2 If IC same s x

on C
F T IF a

F ds a de Zita
Example F dr
C
F x yz ZI xyj y2k
z Xy y

C PH E to Jtk
t t Ek o t 1
x Y Z

F do SÉECH defeat
C t o

f
112 E E 2t 1 E at

32 3 32
at
1 170
 Lecture 5ᵗʰ Nov 24

Recall Let f IR IR the gradient

vector field denoted as Df is
defined as

Df R 123
xy Df xis f x f x

In short
Df fx fy fz If
Similarly if f IR IR then

Df fx fy

Example Find Df at the point 4 2 where

f xis tan
II
101 f E 411m
gT
 a
I
112
2 112
1
The
5
1 114
4 2

t 4 2 Tx f
Ig 9 4 2

2
t

Df 4 2

Examples f Xy sz tax

f 1,0 1 1 2,1
Tf y z Z y x
 Divergence Let F R R be a vectorfield

that is F M N P on 113

Then divergence of F is a scalar function definedas

dir F D F My Ny Pz

Example Let F 0 2

1411
Point 2
1,0

D I Mx Ny Pz

0 sin xyz xz sin xyz xy

D F 2 10 0

Examples 7
1 2021 refroze
9624
 div F 1,23 Mx Ny Nz

0 0 76 423
4,33
26 4 33

Curl Given a vector fied

F M N P on 123
then curl of F is again a vector field on IR
denoted by Cwd F or DxF defined as

curl F DxF

If z
 8 E E I

x̅
11
Py Nz Mz Px Nx My

Examples Find DxF where

x z I 2y z j xy z x̅
I I
DX
8
22 2323 xy z

Xyz 6y3z2 I y2z 2

0 0 I
xyz 6y z
x2y z 0
DX 1 1,1 2 6 0 0

8,0 0

85

Dictionderivaive Directional derivative of

f IR IR at a point xo in the direction of

unit vector x̅ is given by

0 1 0,0
Daf x so
g 10

Koso a

0,90 t w̅

0,90 xopo 0T
One can prove if u is a unit vector

Daf xoxo f x so I
dot product
Example f xyz

Find the directional derivativeof f at 1,1 1

in the direction of the vector I I I

801 T 1,1 1

I 1,1 1

Daf 111,1 Df 11,1 w̅

YZ Zx xy 13
a

1 1,1 13
Is
33 53
 Back to our discussion on Work done by T
over C

Recall If C F t x t 9 t z t a t b
F M N P

W F dr TCH If e at
t a

F ds where T is the unit

Se tangent vector at 7
on the curve

J Mdx Ndy Pdz

on curve x Y Z
related express
are

everything in termsof
the parameter t used in
the parametrization of C

terminology 1 If F represents the velocity

field then
F di
is called flow integral

2 If the curve C is closed that is starts

and end at the same point

closed curve

not closed

then

F do

is called claion around the curve

 Flex Let F M N is a vector field
R
on Let C be a smooth closed curve
Let be outward pointing unit normal vector on
C The flux of F across C is

F Ids

Writing flux in coodinates

x
n
10
K
counter clockwise
parameter zation
ñ b
Is
a
Es Es
ñ
 ñ
s

Flux F ids

Mdy Ndx
C

Exercise 29 a xis s x
ME
C t cost sint 2H
x y

Flex

Sc as a

ydy Rdx
 feint cost dt cost sint def cost at
C x cost
dx sint at
0
Second solution
Geometrically Flux F ñ ds

0 ds
What is Flux

Flux of F accross C

SF
C
Ads

Interpretation For F a velocity field

flux how much fluid is passing through

measures
C per unit time assuming fluid has uniform density 1kg m
What passesthrough C per unit time

base X height
1 m 1kg
Area A BA kg
ΔS F ñ
add all these togeter

F Ads
Recall The gradient If f x y z be a scalar
function its gradient is

Df fx fy fz fx I fy I fz x̅
Gradient vector field Say

F Df
then F is called a gradient vector field
and f x y z is called potential

If F Df then we can simplify the

evaluation of
F do

Fundamental theorem of line integrals

Df dr f B f A

Mc
Fundamental theorem of line integrals Let

C F t ti t tz
be a smooth curve joining the point A to the point B
in the plane IR or in the space IR Let f be
a differentiable function with a cts gradient field

F Tf
on a domain D IR or IR containing the curve C
Then

F dr f A
Ff
do f B

Waiting Df in coords ie Df fx fy fz then

fx dx fy dy fz dz f B f A

Roof C t H Y t Z t txt tz
with
t A t2 B

Writing everything in terms of t

X t Y Y t Z Z t
dx dye at dy do at dz Eat at
 S F d fx dx fy dy fz dz

fy dat It
fx e

I ft at

I f a t ZHI

f B f A

Same formula works for 2 D gradient fiield

Df fx fy
and 2 D curve t x t t

Example F s x Df where

f xy
Let C C UC UC
enclosing a sector of unit
t
disk with 0 0TH
Long way of computing line integral

F di F dot So F dot [Link]

J J2 J3
For J1 x axis from 0,0 to 1,0

Here 9 0 dy o

do
Ja Jc dxtxdy y dx 0

For J2 portion of unit circle Y

Coso Y sine
o o

dx sino do dy cost do

sdx s sino do cost coso do

So xdy no

So És o since do SoÉs 20 do

sinto o
ForI Jgy
dx x dy I

is the lineseg from 00 to

1 52,1 52

Let Cs is the line segment from

1 52,1 52 to 0 0

then

1,9 xdy
1,9
dx dx dy
formula
when orientation is
reversed

at tdt 2tdt
0

Ics t s t o t

0
210

Sauqua F do 1
0 0
 Short way ofcomputing line integral if F Mf
Observe y x f f xy

So by Fundamental theorem for line integrals

with A B 0,01 we have

SF d f f
A A 0

GUGUC
since it is
over closed curve
 Consequences of fundamental theorem of line integral

Definition Gradient vector field We say that a vector

field is a gradient vector field if there exist a scalar
function f x y z s t

F Df
and then f is called a potential function
Consequences of fundamental theorem of line integral

If F is a gradient field that is f

s.t
I
Mf
then we have the following

1 Path independence of line integral

yf
B
If Df

Df di
So If_did
a
A vectorfield such that for any
Definition
points A and B the line integral

[Link]

is path independent is called conservative field

Thus if F Df for some potential function f

then since

5C Dfodf
is independent of path so F Df is a conservative
field
 2 F Df has loop property Def

If C is any closed curve F do 0

Example F Y x

TEA
Éx
i F doesnot has loop property
Since I 11 F IF 1 1 so

F Tds folds 21T 0

Ii F is not conservative
ie [Link] is not path independent

There exist two paths C and C joininggiven points

A and B such that Jc F do So F dot

For C the portionof unit circle C1

gFg
to
tango which
no y
Cz
 Tds
SF
C
dr So F Sat as st

whereas
do F Tds
F Solds
C2
55 1 1 dt Jt

cost y sine O it

Fee sino coso 1

iii F not gradient field

is
Because if F Mf then by F T of line integral
when C is the unit circle oriented counter clock
wise then
I CF dot 0

By from above computation F d 2t 0

 Equivalent properties of general vector field

We need a definition

Simply connected domain Roughly speak it is a

region D IR which does not has any hole More
precisely we say a set D in the space is simply connected
if every closed which lies completely inside D can
loop
be deformed continuously in a point in D without leaving the
set D

Equivalent properties B

1 7 is conservative

ie So d F d line integral path

independent

I
F has loop property
S
c
F do o

along all closed curve C

I
3 F is a gradient field i.e

f IR IR f 1R R if E RER

I
4 Mdx Ndy is an exact differential

Ie Mdx Ndy df
 F D R R F M N P
connected
simply open
its partial derivatives

Componentsforconservativefields

11314010,01

F Df
openconnected
region

simplyconnected open

F is path independent
cure
Far
e
p
1 do
f 21
is conservative 2
21g

I triviality
I
NdytPdz
Mdx
F dr 0 Loop property dx fy dy fzdz
C I fy
1 forsome f IR IR
tP
[Link]
Examples show F below is conservative over 1R
ie F Df f IR IR
Find potential

F e cosy yz I xz e'sing j
y z x̅

DxF I x̅
Fy 32 0

excosy yz xz e'sing agtz

Potential
ex cosy 22
et siny
fy Xz 2

fz xy z 3

1 dx f e cosy xyz g Liz 4

To use info 2 we 4 and compare with 2

y

So
fy e
sing nz Gy Liz 5
 xz ex sin g

Gy 0

g h z only

Use this new information about g to update f in 4

h 6
f e cosy xyz z

To use info 3 we
8 6 and then match with 3

fz 0 xy h z

Xy h z

xy Z

h z Z

h Z ZdZ
Spore
constant

22 C

Overall
f e cosy xyz 22
Solution done in class

3 dz f xyz 22 g x y 4

From 4 and 7

e
cosy yz fx yz 9

gx e
cosy 5

Whereas and 2
Jy 4

Z e
sing XZ 9

e sing 6
gy

Next 5 dx we have

g ex cosy h y 7
To know h we substitute g from 7 into 6

e sing f y gy e'sing
h y 0

hy C YER 8
Finally 8 7 and 4 imply

f xyz 22 g x y

XYZ Z e hs
cosy

Xyz 22 e
cosy C
Q Find unit normal vector the level surface
x Y Z 4
at 2 0,0
2
51 f xyz 4 Z 4

Df 1 1

T Mf 2,0 0 4,1 1

41 1

12 4 1 1
 Normal vector to level surface normal DF P

f xyz C

at point p yo yo zo

g
a

Let 8 be
through P
a curve passing
f
G Lt yet ZCH a t b

f Lt y t Z t C

1 1 Fact 8 H date 14 dealt o

8 81 1 14 8 red dealt o

DF PH F 0

tangent vector at 81 1
on curve 8

The normal vector to the surface

at P 8 to is

f P
Example F 2 3 Z cosz

is not conservative

Sol Compute curl F

at

2 3 Z COSZ

I 5 o 210 I

Example's
1g 2s
is not conservative

101 Carl F 0 on 113 z axis

But 1131 z axis is not simplyconnected

so cannot apply this test

Take loop C F t cost sint 0

2H
Compute

F F ds
C
F dr
C I Flds

21T
folds

I x̅ x̅
2 2z
Curl F
12 2 2

o o E 0 0 5 2 2 2
2 y

i
a
Ea
 or or ti [Link] iile
OI Of OK
Then what curl F represents here
Exact differential form Work and circulation integrals

are to calculate when expressed in theform

easy
Mdx Ndy Pdz

If C F t k 4,914 Z H a t b then
the meaning of 7 is

M RH 741ZCH 1 47 N RH H ZH Felt
a

P RH H ZH LEHI at

MGH N FEI P F t
Fandt
tea

17 FID 1 4 at

If F Df

J DF JH Fa t at

f b f a
The expression Mdx Ndy Pdz is called differential
form A differential form is called exact if
f 1123 IR et

Mdx Ndy Pdz dx

fy dy 8 dz
Wealso write the last equality as

Mdx Ndy P dz of
total derivative

vector field F M N N satisfies

F Df
If domain is simplyconnected

curl F
ie DX

Example show that ydx x dy 4 dz is

exact and evaluate
2131 1
Sumn y ax xdy 4dz

Tearn where C is a curve from

1,1 1 to 2,3 1
Solution 2 x 4

cul F I I

0 0 i 5 o o I 1 1

so F is satisfies component test condition

on IR
Since IR is simply connected so by equivalence

of component test Them and exactness

is exact
ie y dx x
dy 4dz If forsome potential
function f 113 IR

Computaloff
Y fx x
fy 4

1 2 3

3 f 4Z g x s 4
Next
4 gx x y from 1

9 Y

g xy h y 5

ing 21
Y 4191
2y Gy fy x

ie h y x

le h y 0

h C

In view of 5
g x y c

Inviewof 4

f 42 xy C
2,3 1

So ydxtxdytad

[Link] f 2,3 1 5 1,1 1

4 6 c 4 1 c

24C 5 C
3
What is Flux

Flux of F accross C

SF
C
Ads

Interpretation For F a velocity field

flux how much fluid is passing through

measures
C per unit time assuming fluid has uniform density 1kg m
What passesthrough C per unit time

base X height
1 m 1kg
Area A BA kg
ΔS F ñ
add all these togeter

F Ads
Path independence
Exercise 16.3 1 to 12
15 to 20

Green's theorem in plane

Examples 3 to 5
Exercises 16.4 27 to 30
 Recall

For velocity vector field F the flow or circulation

integral
F do F Ids
measure the how much is the tendency is there for velocity
vector field to bealigned to this particular curve C

The rate at which floating paddle wheel spins at a particular

point in a fluid flowing in a planar region capturing
spiningof fluid particle underthe velocity field

How to the global concept of circulation to say

use
something about spinning at a point

Consider a point xs in the region R where velocity

vectorfield F is defined Let the field

F M N
is such that partial derivatives of M N are cts By
continuity around the point
we can assume xs the vector
field do not change sign WLOG assume M N 0 around
xis
We will capturethe spinning by F at a point
by looking at the circulation integral of around
a specific curve a small rectangle with one corner
at x y

XYY
DX D

Ct
C2
Nj

exist É[Link]
flow along C F d M xis Nexis DX 0
M x DX

C2 F d M x Δx y N x Dx y

O DY

N DX y Dy

M DX Y DY Ax
Cz
C N x I Dy Dy

Net circulation
 Top bottom left right

M x y Ax M x DX Y Δy DX

N x DX y ΔY N x Y D BY

21 DY DX 0 DX DY

Nx My DX Dy

Nx My should capture the spining or

rotation component

F d Nx My AXDY

F
Ir do

1,1s
a o

curl F in 2 called
circulation
or kth component of curl
density of a

vector field
circulation densityof F curl F M N
175 Nx My
 Green's theorem Circulation curl or tangential form

Let C be simple closed curve

piecewise smooth
enclosing a region R in theplane IR Let F M N
be a vector field having cts partial derivatives in an
open region inside R Let C be oriented counterclockwise
Then

F Tds Mdx Ndy Nx My dA

C
Dx'É
S I dA

Re

Inabove
1
F MX 2
M N O
Nx My K
Green's theorem Flux divergence or normal form

Let C be simple closed curve

piecewise smooth
enclosing a region R in theplane IR Let F M N
be a vector field having cts partial derivatives in an
open region inside R Let C be oriented counterclockwise
Then the outward flux of F across C equals the div F
D F over the region R enclosed by C

F Ads
f C
Ndx Mdy
R
21 8 axdy

Do examples 3 4,5
Exampled Verify both forms of Green's theorem for

F x y x

over the region R bounded by the unit circle

C F t cost sint O t 2x̅

Solution Circulation curl or Tangentialform

F cost dx sint It
11 y sint dy costat

Mdx Ndy x y sintat k costat

C

cost sint sint cos't at

E cost sint 1 at
242 1
costsint 2H

fisinet at 21T

0
sint at

21T
2H
of
whereas

g Nx My da 1 1 dA
R
2 1dA

2 area of the unit disc

2 I 12 21T

Flux divergence or normalform

N dx Mdy Mx Ny dA
R
L H.S
fo seda x y dy

So cost sint at Cost sint cost dt

costsint cost costs int at

costat at
0ft
01 205 1
IT coset at

IT
sing
 IT

RH S Mx Ny dA fpl 0 dA

area unit disc it 12 It

Exampled Evaluate using Green's theorem

Xy dy dx Mdx Ndy
I for y

I
501 fluxford
UsingCirculation

I Nx My dA
M
fR 9 24 dA N
Ne y
xy
My
y
2y

34 dsdx 3
75 dx
dx I
 Using_fluidvergeneform

I xy dy y2dx Ndx Mdy

then N y M ay

5 Mx Ny dA y 2y dA

dA 3
p3y

Examples calculate outward flux of

F e 23 M N

accross unit square 1,1 1,13

501
Flux across C 1 a
Ndx Mdy Tv e
Green'sThm

f Mx Ny dA

SfR 240
9
3y dA
[Link] 2yexsdydx 11S Y2dxdy

0 642 dy

0 2 6y dy 2 633

2 243 2 2 0

4
Example circle of radius 1 centered at 2,0
counter clockwise

Compute
i s k
x
dx x2 e dy
M N

Directly 2 cost Y sin

21T

dx sine do dy cosado

UsingGreenstheorens

care dA

curl f Nx Ny
s
X 2 2 42 1

Sf x é ex dA x 2 JtT
1 2 52
IS dA
1 2 may
a dg
 Ñx 22

13 y
x dy dx
Fx 252
F
E
I 1
2 daddy

FY
2 areal Sx se da dy
Eg
2J 0 21T

Special cases crod F 0

So F da 0 closed
loop C
 Green's Theorem area formula

9 dx sedy Mdx Ndy circulation

fR Nx My dA curl t

1 1 da
simple closed curve
R

2 area R

lareaCRI 11
ydxtndy [Link]
findthearea n'stheoem between
cycloid x t sint 9 1 cost
Gg q s

501 If 930 1 cost 70 0ft 21T

Yt is maximum at t t A
whereas at t 5 the
2
value of X It sin it D

After t the height

decreases on the interval t 2x̅
a
from 2 to 0

Desired area I dx dy

Sc Sc
sdxtxdy MY
2 Is

12 9 dx Xdy

Cs be same as the
9 dx xdy
curve C2 but orientation
1 cost 1 cost at reversed
t X t 941
CJ
t sine sint dt 0 t 2T where
t t sint
9 t 1 lost
cost sint

sin t at
 51 cost 2cost t sint sin't at

2 2 cost tsint It

4 2 sine So sintat

4K 0 cost cost at

1 41T 251 sint

35

Now

In _ydx dy Ce F t XH 947
O t 2H

0 o o YEE

So the desired area 31T

 Surfacintegral
gnotself intersecting
FÉ n D flux of F across a simple closed curve
C is
Flux F n'ds

where h is outward unit normal vector on C oriented

counter clockwise

Interpretton For F a velocity field

Flux measures how much fluid passes through C

per unit time

assuming

[Link]

amountof fluid passing through a piece ΔS of

the cure C

I area of the indi

cated paralellosram

I
 area of
I
base height
Δs F ñ
summing all pieces together we get total flux
across C F in de

What flows in the direction of ñ is counted positively

and in the direction of ñ is counted negatively

Fluxin31
In 3D flux will be measured through surface
a surface integral

Let F IR IR be vector field be a surface in

space

A unit normal to S
2 choices for choose a side of S orientation
 Choosing makes is an oriented surface

Flux through f gF ñd

surface area element

Notation d5 ids or dss ids

bold S

Exampled F xis z across sphere

x y z a a o

F ds

Sss as

Let ñ pointing out

11T Eat a
 5517115 cosolds
S

2
7
42 1 ds
51
a 1ds a surface area of unit sphere

a 4ta 4ta

2 F 0,0 Z 5 same as above

f F ids 5 0,012 XII ds

S

ds
z
Use spherical coordinates
ds a sin do do

1ST
Is
ΔV AS ΔP

Iseds
 Flux 5 z ds
NZ
os d assind dodo

do
a
01,0 ad

as 40111 0
do

a 2H 23 a

Examples of surfaces and their normals

Horizond plane Z a

ñ K
ds did
 Vertical plane 11 to y z plane
a

ñ i
as dydz

Sphere of radius a centered at origin

ñ 1
11
ds a sing do do
Hint First compute For then apply
spherical coords

2 cylinder of radius a around Z axis

ñ f x x 0

Use part of cylindrical

coords
x̅
dS dz do
 NZ

5 910
f e

piceof circle of
ds a dado radius a a ΔO

cado
Graph Z f xs

yz
size

past
NOT

fhlwofs
vary here
 is f xp

ExE dE s

É showdow of S

T starts from x y f xy

to DX

txt Δx

I Δx 0 fx DX 1 0 fx DX

0 ΔY fy ΔY 0 1 fy ΔY

Δ xD
1 0 fx x 0,1 fy ΔXΔY

i x̅
axes
 fx fy 1 AXΔY

d5
dxdyt fx fy 1

dxdy
ds d5 dxdy JFx1 tfyT
Yeatentdirection 111757 dxdy

Examples Flux of F 2k through paraboloid

Z 2142
above unit disc with
magmand Z xZy
it

SSgF 5ds

fS 0,0 z 2x 24,1 dxdy iyiihti

f gz dxdy
442 1
2
92 dxdy

[Link] rardo iÉ
 I
21T
II

Surface parametricform of S

Eti
s

4,0 x Y z un y un z u v

a u b
u changes
c 0 d
no at Inly

it lattes y

lI
I
tt av

Ids Fox dude

in
Exp dude
Sphere

I nocose asinosine
acosol

t
2I

11
[Link]
Exercised Evaluate

FEMZ ds
S

S is come Z F2 0 Z 1
F XYz Z

2
Z 72 42 f
2
fx 1 42 2X
7
 fy 2T

rids day
ds
Fear Eye 1

F F T dxdy

52 dxdy

52dxd
S Z
Say
2

[Link] x dxdy
iii1

c
[Link] [Link] shadow
a unit disc
cost do

do
E 2H cos

2523 t
Question Find flux if
2
F x2 92,22 5 7422 9

SF
S
ds
fg
x 1322 1 131 as

5
3
13 43 23 ds
S

S ds 5z
5
ds
11 2

J cost 13 3 sing do do

35 2H
Jj cost sinddo

21735 11 do
to

217.35 4080111 35
5 2
 3
13 23
3
472 9 1 1 2

Z Fy2 x y x4y 9

51
2
2x
Fe
I
aa
THE F ytt FI
Totalintegral
FEET
2 3
3
73 19 4232
472 9
j

6
9 242 dxdy
Syzyz

6 21T 9 82 rardo

121T 9r v3 dr

12A 912 1,1

12H 812 8,1 0