Physics
Gravitation
Chapter-8
By
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Mariappan
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GRAVITATION
Study of the motion of the celestial bodies is known as gravitation.
GEOCENTRIC THEORY
This was the first theory that is accepted by everyone.
This theory says that earth is at the centre of the solar system all other
planets are revolving around the earth in an circular orbit. ( it includes
sun and moon too )
HELIO CENTRIC THEORY
This theory says that sun is at the centre and all other planets are
revolving around the sun.
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Kepler’s Laws of Orbits
Kepler published his first two laws about planetary motion in 1609,
having found them by analyzing the astronomical observations of
Tycho Brahe. Kepler's third law was published in 1619.
Tycho Brahe from Denmark spent his entire life on recording the
observations of planets.
Tycho Brahe complied data were analysed by his assistant Kepler.
Kepler extracted three elegant laws from the data that now go by the
name Kepler’s Law.
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[Link] of orbit
Every planet moves around the sun in elliptical orbit with the sun at
one of its foci.
The speed of the planet is not constant when the planet is revolving
around the sun(∆V).
The speed increases when planet come closer to the sun.
The speed decreases when planet goes far away from the sun.
When the planet is at the closest point(perihelion) the speed maximum.
When the planet is at the farthest point(aphelion) the speed minimum.
The kinetic energy id maximum and potential energy is minimum at
perihelion position.
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The kinetic energy is minimum and potential energy is maximum at
aphelion position.
The semi- major axis is half of
the major axis, which goes all the way across the ellipse at the widest
part. The semi-minor axis is a line segment that is at 90 degrees with
the semi-major axis.
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[Link] Of area
The line joining the sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal
intervals of time.
The angular momentum(L) is constant or conserved in all type and all
along the planetary system.
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
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Derivation for areal or radial velocity:
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[Link] of time or law of period
Time period taken by the planet to revolve around it’s sun once.
This law states that the cube of semi-major axis is directly proportional
to the square of the time taken by the planet to revolve around the sun.
When the square of the time period is divided by cube of length of
semi-major axis we get a result as constant.
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Newton’s law of gravitation
Any two masses in the universe with a distance between each other is
r and a attractive force acting between them is gravitational force.
It is weakest force among the all 5 fundamental forces.
G = Universal gravitational constant
G has a value of 6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
Gravitational force is always an attractive force.
It is applicable for both micro and macro sized bodies.
This force doesnot depends on any medium.
Range of gravitational force is infinite (when distance = ∞, the effect of
gravitational force decreases gets almost zero)
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The gravitationalforces acting between two masses cannot be affected by
any other third mass.
Note:
Mass of earth = 5.98 x 1024kg
Radius of earth = 6400km or 6400 x 103m
Order of magnitude:
a x 10b
if a < 5 then b is the order of magnitude.
if a > 5 then b+1 is the order of magnitude.
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Acceleration due to gravity
g = 9.8 ms-2
g=GM/R2
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