🧾 Speed-Time Graph Formula & Concept Sheet

📘 Key Formulas:

Quantity Formula Notes

Acceleration ∆v Change in speed ÷ time taken

a=
∆t

Gradient of graph y 2− y 1 Use to find acceleration

Slope=
x12−x 1

Distance travelled Distance=Area under graph Can be triangle, rectangle, or

trapezium

📊 Graph Interpretation Tips:

Graph Shape What It Means Acceleration?

Upward straight line Speed increasing Positive acceleration

Downward straight line Speed decreasing Negative acceleration

Horizontal straight line Constant speed Zero acceleration

Curve sloping upward Increasing speed at changing rate Non-uniform acceleration

Peak or flat top of Max speed, slope = 0 Acceleration = 0

curve

🔺 Area Calculations (for Distance):

 Triangle:
1
bh
2

 Rectangle:

Area=length× width

 Trapezium (trapezoid):
 1
Area= ×( ∑ of∥sides)×height
2

🧠 Shortcuts & Key Points:

✅ Acceleration = slope of graph

✅ Distance = area under the graph
✅ Flat section of graph = constant speed
✅ Steeper slope = faster acceleration
✅ At the top of a hill in the graph = acceleration = 0

Area under the curve (which gives the distance traveled)

✅ 1. Approximate Using Trapeziums (Trapezoidal Rule)

If the curve is smooth, divide the graph into small trapeziums (or rectangles) between each
time interval (e.g. every 5 or 10 seconds).

For each trapezium:

1
Area= × ( Speed 1+ Speed 2 ) ×TimeInterval
2

Add all these small areas together to get the total distance.

🔹 Example:

Say between 0 and 10 seconds:

 Speed at 0s = 4 m/s

 Speed at 10s = 8 m/s

Then:
12
Area= × ( 4 +8 ) ×10=12× 12× 10=60 m
2

Do this for all intervals (e.g. 10–20s, 20–30s...) and add up the total.
✅ 2. Use Geometry (if part of curve is a known shape)

If the curved section is semi-circular or part of a known geometric shape, you might use:
2
 Areaof a :̊ A=π r
 Area of a parabola section (advanced)

This is less common in O-Level unless clearly shown.

✅ 3. Use Counting Squares (Estimation)

In exams or practice:

 Count how many squares are under the curve.

 Multiply by value of 1 square (e.g., 1 square = 2 m × 5 s = 10 m)

 This gives an estimated area (distance).

⚠️IMPORTANT:

 Area under the curve = distance traveled

 If the curve is going upward → object is accelerating

 If it’s sloping downward → object is decelerating

✔ Summary:

Curve in Speed-Time Graph Use this method

Smooth gradual curve Trapezium method / count squares

Curve over small range Estimate with average speed

Complex shapes Approximation methods only

🧠 Master Guide: Speed-Time Graph Questions (O-Level)

📘 Key Concepts

1. X-axis = Time (seconds)

2. Y-axis = Speed (m/s)

3. The slope (gradient) of the graph gives acceleration:

∆v
a=
∆t

4. The area under the graph gives distance travelled.

🔍 How to Attempt These Questions

✅ 1. Find Acceleration at a Specific Time

 Look at the slope of the graph at that time.

 If it's sloping upward → positive acceleration.

 If flat (horizontal) → acceleration is 0 m/s².

 If sloping downward → deceleration (negative acceleration).

📌 Example (your question):

At t = 40 s, the car reaches maximum speed (peak of the curve).
👉 At the top of a curve, the slope = 0
✅ So, acceleration = 0 m/s²
✅ Correct answer: A

✅ 2. Constant Speed

 Flat horizontal line on the graph.

 Slope = 0 → acceleration = 0.

 Speed does not change over time.

✅ 3. Acceleration or Deceleration

 Use:
∆v
a=
∆t

 Steeper line → greater acceleration.

 Negative slope → object is slowing down.

✅ 4. Curve in the Graph (Non-linear motion)

When the graph is curved (not a straight line):

➤ To find acceleration at a point:

 Use the slope of the tangent to the curve at that point.

 If the tangent is horizontal, acceleration = 0.

➤ To find distance (area under a curved graph):

Use one of the following:

Method How It Works

Trapezium Rule Divide curve into small trapeziums, then:

1
(v +v )× timeinterval
2 1 2

Counting Estimate by counting grid squares under the curve

Squares

Known Shapes Use geometry only if shape is standard (rare in O-Level)

📊 Quick Summary Table

Graph Shape Meaning Acceleration

Upward straight line Increasing speed Positive

Downward straight line Decreasing speed Negative

 Horizontal straight line Constant speed 0

Peak of a curve Maximum speed 0

Curved upward Accelerating (increasing) Changing acceleration

Curved downward Decelerating (decreasing) Changing acceleration

📌 Important Reminders

 Always use correct units: m/s for speed, m/s² for acceleration, m for distance.

 Check if the question is asking for:

o Value at a point (use tangent/slope).

o Over a time interval (use formula or area).

 In MCQs, look carefully for simplification tricks in the options.

✅ Understanding the Distance-Time Graph

A distance-time graph shows how distance changes with time.

 X-axis = Time (s)

 Y-axis = Distance (m)

🔍 How to Attempt Different Types of Questions

1. Finding Speed

Speed = Gradient of the graph = Change in distance / Change in time

Steps:

 Choose two clear points on the straight line.

 Use the formula:

d 2−d 1
Speed=
t 2−t 1

Clue:

 A steeper line = faster speed

 A horizontal line = speed is 0 (object is stationary)

2. Identifying Stationary Periods

These are shown by flat horizontal lines.

Reasoning:

 Distance is not increasing.

 Time passes, but distance stays the same ⇒ No movement.

3. Detecting Uniform or Non-uniform Motion

 Straight, sloped line = Uniform speed (constant gradient).

  Curved line = Non-uniform speed (gradient is changing ⇒ acceleration or
deceleration).

Tip:

 If curve gets steeper = object is speeding up (acceleration).

 If curve flattens = object is slowing down (deceleration).

4. Calculating Acceleration (Only Possible on Speed-Time Graphs)

Note: Acceleration = change in speed, not distance.

If the graph is distance-time, use it to first find speed at two points, then apply:
∆v
a=
∆t

5. Estimating Distance Travelled

On a distance-time graph, distance at any point is read directly from the Y-axis.

 Just read the value of distance at the specific time.

 No area under graph needed (that applies to speed-time graphs).

6. Comparing Motion of Two Objects

If there are two lines on the same graph:

 Steeper line = faster object.

 Flat line = stationary object.

 If one line overtakes the other = the object has covered more distance in less time.

7. Describing the Motion (Narrative Questions)

Use the graph to explain:

 When the object is moving

 When it is stationary
  If it is speeding up or slowing down

 When the object changes direction (if distance decreases, object is returning)

🧠 Pro Tips:

 Always label points and draw triangles to calculate gradients clearly.

 Watch for units (e.g., m/s, km/h).

 For curves, find the tangent at a point to estimate speed.

Formula Chart for Distance-Time Graphs

📊 Distance-Time Graph Formula Chart

Graph Feature Meaning Formula / Tip

Gradient (slope) Speed (velocity) Distance

Speed=
Time

Straight line (positive Object is moving at constant rise

Use gradient :
slope) speed Run

Horizontal line Object is at rest (not moving) Speed = 0

Steeper line Object is moving faster Greater speed (higher gradient)

Curved line (getting Accelerating Speed is increasing over time

steeper)

Curved line (getting Decelerating Speed is decreasing over time

flatter)

Downward slope Object is returning to the Use speed = distance/time (direction

starting point may change)

📘 Formulas to Remember

✅ Speed:
 Distance
Speed=
Time

✅ Distance:

Distance=Speed ×Time

✅ Time:
Distance
Time=
Speed

🧠 Tips for Graph Questions

 Find the gradient of the graph to get speed.

 A flat (horizontal) line = no motion.

 Use units carefully: distance in meters (m), time in seconds (s), speed in m/s.

📈 Distance-Time Graph: What the Curve Means

🔹 Basic Rule:

In a distance-time graph, the slope (gradient) tells you the speed:

Change∈distance
Speed= =Gradient of the graph
Change∈time

✅ Types of Curves in Distance-Time Graphs

Graph Shape What It Means Explanation

Straight line Constant speed Distance increases evenly with time

(diagonal)

Flat horizontal line Object is stationary Distance does not change with time

Curve getting steeper Speed is increasing Distance increases faster and faster
(accelerating) with time

Curve getting less Speed is decreasing Distance increases slowly – object is

steep (decelerating) slowing down
 Downward curve (if Usually not in standard Would mean distance decreasing –
shown) graphs (rare) object reversing

📉 Example: Curve Getting Steeper

Imagine the graph curves upward like this:

| .

| .

| .

| .

|.

|________________________

 The curve gets steeper with time.

 That means the object is accelerating.

 Each second, it covers more distance than the second before.

📊 Summary Table

Curve Type Speed Acceleration?

Straight line up Constant speed No

Curve getting Increasing speed Positive acceleration

steeper

Curve getting flatter Decreasing speed Negative acceleration

Flat line Zero speed (stationary) No movement

📘 Distance-Time Graph: Complete Guide

🔹 1. What does a Distance-Time Graph show?

 The X-axis represents time (s)

 The Y-axis represents distance (m)

 The slope/gradient tells you the speed

Distance
Speed= =Gradient of the graph
Time

🔹 2. How to Interpret the Graph Shape

Graph Shape Meaning Speed

Straight line sloping upwards Constant speed Constant

Curve sloping upwards (getting Increasing speed (acceleration) Increasing

steeper)

Curve sloping upwards (getting flatter) Decreasing speed (deceleration) Decreasing

Horizontal line (flat) No motion (distance not Zero

changing)

Steep line Fast speed Higher

gradient

Gentle slope Slow speed Lower gradient

🔹 3. Finding Speed from a Curve

For a curved Distance-Time graph, speed is not constant. Here's how to find it:
✅ (a) Instantaneous Speed (at a specific time):

 Draw a tangent to the curve at that point.

 Calculate its slope:

Δy change ∈distance
Speed= =
Δx change ∈time

✅ (b) Average Speed (over a time interval):

Total Distance
Average Speed=
Total Time

🔹 4. Common Mistakes to Avoid

❌ Don’t confuse with Speed-Time graph

❌ Don’t say “acceleration” is the slope — slope here = speed, not acceleration
❌ A flat line means no movement, not constant speed

🔹 5. How to Handle Curves on Distance-Time Graph

If the graph is curved, you can:

✅ Estimate speed at different points:

 Draw tangents and find slopes at different times.

✅ Compare how the slope changes:

 Getting steeper = speeding up (positive acceleration)

 Getting flatter = slowing down (negative acceleration)

🧠 Summary Table

Situation Graph Feature Meaning

Object at rest Flat horizontal line Speed = 0

Object moving at steady Straight diagonal line Constant speed
speed

Object accelerating Curve getting steeper Speed increasing

Object decelerating Curve getting flatter Speed decreasing

Slope of tangent to curve Gradient Instantaneous speed

📘 Acceleration-Time Graph (a–t graph)

🔹 What does it show?

 The y-axis shows acceleration (m/s²)

 The x-axis shows time (s)

 It tells you how acceleration changes over time.

🧠 Key Interpretations

Graph Shape Meaning Velocity Behavior

Horizontal line above x- Constant positive acceleration Speed increases

axis

Horizontal line on x-axis Zero acceleration (no change in Constant velocity

speed)

Horizontal line below x- Constant negative acceleration Slowing down

axis (deceleration)

Upward sloping line Increasing acceleration Speed increases faster

Downward sloping line Decreasing acceleration Acceleration reducing

📐 Area under Acceleration-Time Graph

Very important!

 Area under a–t graph = Change in velocity

Δv= Areaunder graph

 Positive area → speed increases

  Negative area → speed decreases

🔺 Examples of Graph Shapes

1. Constant Acceleration

| ____________

| |

| |

|__________|____________________

Time →

 Flat line above x-axis

 Speed is increasing at a constant rate

2. Zero Acceleration (Constant Speed)

|___________________________

Time →

 Line on the x-axis

 Speed stays the same

3. Negative Acceleration (Deceleration)

|___________

| |

| |

|__________|___________________

Time →
  Flat line below x-axis

 Velocity is decreasing

📊 Summary Table

Graph Feature What It Tells You

Line above x-axis Accelerating forward

Line on x-axis Moving at constant speed

Line below x-axis Decelerating (negative acceleration)

Area under the Change in velocity

line

A curve in an acceleration-time graph means that the acceleration is changing continuously

over time — it is not constant.

What does a curve in acceleration-time graph mean?

 If the graph is curved (non-straight line), acceleration is varying with time.

 The steeper the curve, the faster the acceleration is changing.

 The shape of the curve tells us how acceleration changes: it could increase or decrease
smoothly.

How to interpret it:

 The area under the acceleration-time graph gives the change in velocity.

 When the acceleration graph is curved, the change in velocity is not at a constant rate.

 The slope of acceleration-time graph (if you imagine it) relates to the jerk, which is the
rate of change of acceleration.

Summary:
A curved acceleration-time graph shows acceleration is not constant but changes smoothly
over time
Basic Kinematics Formulas (Constant acceleration)

1. Acceleration
Δv v−u
a= =
Δt t

where:

 a = acceleration

 v = final velocity

 u = initial velocity

 t = time

2. Velocity (final)

v=u+at

3. Displacement
1 2
s=ut+ a t
2

4. Velocity-Displacement relation
2 2
v =u +2 as

For Acceleration-Time Graphs

5. Change in velocity (area under acceleration-time graph):

Δv= Areaunder the a−t graph

Jerk (rate of change of acceleration):

da
j=
dt
Curve in Acceleration-Time Graph

 A curve (non-straight line) in an acceleration-time graph means the acceleration is

changing continuously over time — it is not constant.

 The shape of the curve shows how acceleration varies smoothly (increasing or
decreasing).

 The steeper the curve, the faster the acceleration changes.

 The area under the acceleration-time graph represents the change in velocity during
that time.

 The rate of change of acceleration (how quickly acceleration itself changes) is called
jerk, related to the slope of the acceleration-time graph.

Important Formulas Related to Acceleration and Motion

1. Acceleration
Δv v−u
a= =
Δt t

2. Final velocity
v=u+at

3. Displacement
1 2
s=ut+ a t
2

4. Velocity-displacement relation
2 2
v =u +2 as

5. Change in velocity from acceleration-time graph

Δv= Areaunder the acceleration−time graph

 6. Jerk (rate of change of acceleration)
da
j=
dt

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