tÉ mensional TrTranstornatiowy

Uit-3 Three
transfor m toks pla ce 3D plane,ít is
when the

Caled 3D
TYansfosmation.
2D by induding
Generaize tor m

3D coordinate systeg
Riyht
Yaxis

Xaxis

Point
coumn
Thus c typi ca poin
Consides points is epresentel as
with cooYin aTes

HOmoeneos Coordiates
3D pont Co oxdinate
yepresented in hom qeneo
3D point P is
4-dimensional
by

easie to omypose translation and

Advantaye It is
0t'on.

3D Tramlation
object is called tranlation
Ln 3 dinenio nal homo nos eoordinate epres entation
is traunstot me poitiO n
a pornt

y2)o yaris
Can be witen a (x',y2)

p T:(tuytz)

tx
y'
ty X-axis
Zaxs
 for mula
whee paiamtee 4h, ty t Ce
tranlation ddiston ce
y-yt ty speityingcordinate directi'n
for the
assiq ned any real vale
Qach veY t
Tran late an
object by translan
in 4he objet:

kotatiCy
&)3D otatet about an axis
is to be
ohere an object cooTinate aYis,
the.
that s Pavallel otoon wi th the.
obtoin the deside s
we an

Pollowin sequence,
axis mtoion
cooTnale
aris ototion (Ro1)
Y-axis Yo tation CYa)
X-axis
otation pitn)

1-axis Ro t o ion
toti on
Eaatti n

Y os - yino
y sine

Matn vepresentation

coso -sin 9
Sin-cos
 Ro totion around Front to ba ek Cz-axis)
Rol-
totion a n d the side to sice Cx-axis)
pitch - Ro
veticaly axis CY-arik)
Rototion qound the
uaw-

X-axis 0taton
x axis taton
eyuation tox
The

2cos9
4singt
z
mat x Yepresentan

Coso -Sin
sin9 CosO

’Y-axis on.
y-ais 0tot
Eauation t s
+ n9
X cos e

z'=

Mati epresenati
Sin9
-NC
Cos9

yl
-sing cos

3) 30 scalng
ob)e t and eposition
Sie ot the
henes the
Kelaive
to the Coonate ongin
4the objet
P' s:P
 The equatin - scalng tactor

y'= y Sy

atix eesetetm

S
Sy

4) 3D Petleetin used tto

Gsephia nisY an
in comp len
’ eeteeti
emelote eHective
Sufa ce
Reteetion abot K-axis

abot y-ais
Retecti

about Z- ayis
Retteci gn
=-X
LassiLi(ati
S) 3D - dhearing mat y to 3D heaing
modi ing objet hape

Reprelentation mothod sufa ces

3D object coletbon o
a
sepreented divided into
re
Dloje cta vepresentation
BD
object Representation (8-Rap )
BOndary
Sweep Repreenlai
Repreentatisn
Pasttioniy
Space -
Repr eetaiern
eounday set
descnbe ?nterioy
Seperae the object
tht
the envioent
LËmit.
the
Reprerenting shapes ing
the repryetaon o
mode based on

Sutace ntormatin
2 typee s
1 Geom atnc
Geomatnc intormaton is sed tor dafining
the Spatial poition

2
Topotocaf i
maRe Linla beten qeonmatical
This alows to
ertitie

lwo ty pes of Enti ties

1) Geomatic
Entities votume) Surtace, Curve, Poin
2) Topoloical Entities Seid., ace, edqe, verter ]
 A topeogical entity Geomatn cal Suppot'
entity ohich s 1ts
povides the
The topolcg cal into matio and to ces
Vertt ces edges
velationudi p arnorg
wire trame md el.
use d n a
Simla to that
intor mation
* Geomatnc
Ond tace
he edqes Lhat have oces
maru tod
the geneali 2ed
Salisli es he
with holeS

¬uler'' tomula
2(c-Gn)
V=no. ot veces

edses

t nole in the a ces

sepesate CompO henti

Ch en s
G
Repres entatíon
Sweep
Representation s
Sweep foss es
objet that
constYu t i g 3-D
ototonal othe Symmetnces
traditional
t0 cOntu ct sbjet trom
also wed

2D shapes
to achieve
The

Cweep
Toditio nal Sweep
Rotatio nal Sweop
 In Txadtionad Sweep the 80 shape is Swept
along a LineasPath normal tto the plane otthe
asea contut 0 objet
is Yotted
In Rotational Sueop the ao shape
otution speitied the
aloout un axís
plane Gt aD shape to prodca 30 ebjet.
Constucti
we (an

path

pelygon Surface
eygon table speified by 4he
he Susface
thiy nethod,
and aucoiated attnbul.
Ln
VexteX coosdnate
Set o f

igure there are five vextices tom

4 The follouing
VI to Vs
formaticr
verteX stores and z coordin ate in
which Tepresernted in the table

Vui Myiyy Zy
Vs s ys2s
wsed to store theedge
The edae tble is
poyqon. In tte tollowing sigure
intor mati on and which is
Ver teX
edge c, ies bewe
the 40ble
epruented

table s tore the no. ok suface

SuYace
fulygon
resent fn the poyqon. from the Yollowing
Surface Si Covere by ed ge
Pigure which can be Tepyes ented in th
 40be as,
pelyoon swtace
vertex tquation
coordnate
’Stove
in tosmnation

vestex
equation

V3 X393 63
Eu
V

tdge toble Surface Table

Poygon
in tomati on sore n0.o
-) Store edae > used to
suface presertin the.
dqe Table
pelygon
sutace toble
Peygon

Curve Geneyattion
points
\arge set ot Poits.
urve infini tely
nelghbouS
* Cach point has
Léx cept the end poin].
) Thsee ty pes
I: Epcit usve
9. Imput urve
3, Para metc uve
) Jmplidt Cus ve

* (y)=0
caled multivalid tun tion
* Tt is alo
sine
taving mutiple vales ot y and

a) Explicit
* Detined sing vale CuYve
a o Called au

Paramotic cuIVe
3) paxameric bosn
CUurVe wiCh 1s having
The

) BezíeY Cusve
be debined as:
Beziex
Cuse may
Paramtic Cusve detined
1 Bezi CuTve
Con tro| point
Set
by a Cusve.
of the
are end
Tuwo points the shape ot
points ase
detesmìne

the Ousve CuYve was iven

bezie
The conapt ot
Pierre beiey.
by peygon B e e Cure
point exarnple
c o n t r o

conto!
 Hese by a set o contav|
curve is defined
bezier
* Thu
b2 b3 .
points bo,br ot the
curve
end
bg ar e
Points bo and chape
lotermine he
b,
Point bË ad
beziex Curve
Type ot
be2ier Cusve
4)
simple conrol pointa)
(2
B

Bezie cus Ve
) auadaic
(3 contol point)

Po
Beie cusve
Cubic
3)

Po

Curve poopestiey
Bezies

Propesty contained a
oi thih
CUxve awys
Bezies onveX hu
polygon caod
Point. by
Conto
bo Convex hul

Beier uyve
with Con vex hull
opelya
9eneral tolow
its dogining poyyon. ave
poin G the Cuxve
The tiost and last
with h e -ixst and
Coin cidont
the degining polygon
Prperty 3
of he eoyon do tiig the
The deqree Lhas ha to t l
is One
Cutve segmen Point
Control
numbe
cont )
Degee

Propety 4 the CurVe

the poyoron detinng
Tne total no.o Cont
segmet S equa to the
Point
no k
contrel psint)
is parantnay eprelented
be ie CuYVe

ere
Paramcter ohere

pei ging on the

th conto the

n deqree
Jo:4 elending fen ction

whee
Ccubic bezie Curve
beie
Cubic beie
Cubic
degree point in a
Conto
totu noro
The
is
be zie
-* b
bo

b3

4 controt pointa
Th
dayined b4

bo,b b b is 3
Curve
this
The deqee
Cubic beeey curve

BiJ,,i (t)
i=0

tw0
Spline cusve that conneeta
B- Cusve
Spline i s
a that is dati ned by
A sped bic pointo
moYe
more
two Came to
B-Spina curve
the con cept bezie
,esoe the disaduantase having by

when We
hane ang ot the
Cusve,
Ln Beies
Yes pettive location the ohoe
contro point
qet hange
chape
But in B- Spline
CurVe the ony a
speibic
(ux ve Shape 9 et cchangey
segment ot the
atteted.
 B-Spine tquatio

where
tunctibn ot spine curve
Ni,k - pasametey
Pont , degr ee an
Controf
Pi,k,t ’ vaue oh tho
(i4k-t)* NitL,
K-lCE)
Xitk-|
it k

Spline Type
Two typei
1
Iites potating splines
a Approximation spines
(i) snespelating Splines
to spine hat pas ses thouyh
a l ontrot point
useda natural ubic
mite Cbic
commo
Car dinal Cubic spline.
nd

Conto pent

Natur al cubie splines

a. Hermite ubic spline.
3. Cardnal cubie splines
) Natural cubic splines
Peing
piece digiied by 4 y Cont
by
Caeh

To and s deda denote two loownolay po

s:0 and u )
 4detined
by
tPen yot Cont
Polynoma Pok made Spline
chea
piece Cavdína 3)
spline cubic
22 - 2
-2 -3
3
Buesnite
vative de rst
at
dei irst
Cubic the otvate
Qund
paramete vales and
at
ndane
Point onte
piece Cubic £ach
edy pline henite
s
spline Cubic Hermie )
-O-S -1
Bnatusal
(uo)= P
(u=o f = Yo
Point ont with
Eqation
al u3. + au? t ayU. t ao
equation Poynomiad
Desivation matix Bauic
etectio
obje
beundary vales (u= O,)

t0 o btain isst ox des deivativea

Po 3
boundave
at each
S= l - t
Basic
matri x 2

BCaroinal - S
3-2S

S-2 S
2 -S

tAppximating Splines
Cusve paseA lose to the contye Point
Spline
Conto) Point dehine bounday CknoLwn as the

conver hul ) whih turn detexine

Neralshape
Spline wcbic be ieL curve
Comnon pximati
and cubic
B-spline
-e cont pot
econver hel
|: nter polotion:
conty
Te POsed through au the
Points.

through al the
not pase
he curve does
cont points
Yarametic fundtion
Cubic uYVes a re commonly wed
wed in graphiy
because louoe ordee comm Ony have
too litle -flexibility , ohile cur ves ot wghe
Or der are ualy conidered unnecess arily co mplex
and make it to intoduce undesiaed wg

* Paraetic uve 3D iS detined by

C) ay t + a,t+ ait +ao
bt t bo
yt)= bat + bt +
z(t) Cat+ Ct+ Cit +lo

Usualy conside
to Lo, ]

is tseoated independanty SO We

Can da
he pasametn e eqationy
Compat version
wtten
Can be

Lt)3 t ]

We Can us te
sinilaryi
y(t) T: B
shape beacriptiom Roqivementa
Generaly shape reprelentation hawe di teunt
Analyle
Syntetic
Pepresetation ave wed anaytcalle to dcnbe
shape that be mneeured.
Can

be filled to a Gk dot poi nt

be tited to the teaed
Surface Can
SOTne o bjet
propeti e
reqLiement othe USe and th Compute
The
combin to suggert Q
o t propee that
Teprelenoion.

tolowing Sone [Link] propetes that

The
ase to degn the Curve
) Contol point
Li) Mutiple vaues
Lii)Axis Tndependence
Local cOnt.
civ) Glo bal
) Controt point:
Contolled easi
cuxve. Can be
o the
The Shape poinla
with the help o set ot contr the cuYve
poina make
mexe
Smootthes

) Multiple values; 9raph ot single

Uyve Ss not
In qenerol any
vaued tuncion Coodinate , igespecve

he choice ol coord'nate system

 be multi valed
Can
to a l Coordnate
witt
System.

Global local cont1ol

usve, munt
be contoll.
Contol
the ho S une
cion
tunclion o
globaly trom any tun
alo be )ntrolled lotally b
Pogram it
40 deign that usve
the p aticulas tuncion sed
he deired control poit
by calculating
(iv) Axis Independene
change wshen the
not
The shape o a objet meagure in dtteent
are not
Contol points
coordinate Syst en that means hen an ob)e
certain ane in directon
iS Yo tated to

anti- clock wise) the shape ot the

Clo ck wise Or
should n ot be athekedl
Curve
tor tha point
bezie
ConstrM et
P, (4,4) and
2-i

Ci-t)o +2(1t)t.

t
(1-t) yot 2 |-t)ty, +
y
t0
when Step i 22 t 0 2

yio) Cl-o) * 2t2 ll-0) o*q*0 * 3 =

y=3
X=1:92 68| 9= X
t|0bto8 t-0:a t-0
0.& t= when
(o:6) x
(|-06) 2+2 Cl-0-6)
tb when
(i-0.4)
t-04 when
ylo-z)
2)2 (o
*2t2(l-0-2)
tq 20 * 2)l-0 -
(l-02 &)
ohen
t_o 2
 plz,2)

(s. 42,s23) CA· 2 5 , 5 S 2)

(22)

Fractou picture Gneiatea

co myolex
very
ingle tormua
trom
by a computeL ibexatGon Thi
seatad win
torma is
Tepeated with
One
mean and o vel again,
vae
di tteet
taki ng
aCcownt the
prei iterotlon.

9st ite rodio rd iteratcm

 iter ati on
tosmed by

) selt simila
a) selt one
Selt i mila
part that ae scalad down
tractala hawe
4 These we contrut the
Versiong f the entire objet
by applyng a scaling paamete
objet subpat
to the overall s hape

diKheent saling paramteu

formed ufth
with
3rd iteration
nditeati on
ist itexotim

Koch Cuve
mathematicad Cus ve.
) Koch cusve iS
Contutble
Curve wthot tanget
’ Continuow
elementay qeometry
that Can be
Curve is a trata Cusve

contru cted by taeing str a i t line sement

paten ot muttiple
and eplacng with

ine segment
’ The line ces ment in that patte ale

replaced by the Samg Pattean

 30- concapt
9 Parale projetion
Peupectie projection
Depth Cung icoti oy.
Line and susa ce 1dti
5 Swtace Rending
)) Pasalel rosetion
a view plane is wwed 2-orou'nat
Lthis method
is contucted by
is discardad. The d view is loy
extendig line trom each vetex n the objet
wntil they interse t plane. Then tonnet
the vtew

the pojeted veticu by i ne segmenta whih

corne pond to connetion the orayina objeet.

view plane
dbjet

)Preapetie pojection
the ünes

anatead they a convese at sige point

(aled the
refen point! he obie
Pojeo
positio
to the view
plane along thee trantomel
projectibm ine n tiis
mthod, coneise
LOthe fom the vie\ng Obt
potition appeas nae
 objet
Conveyed Contre G
poojeetion lines
pooje in
) Oepth Cueing
bepth intormation added The
dap th
object be repeyented by
tenity of the imaye
the
the obje o oea t to the
p e ot
displaed sith the
Uiewing poton
intennWe.
hiuest

Vicible ine and Suatace 1dentifiatin

visible ines ce displaed in di'teunt colou
Invi sib eithes displayed in dahed
not at all dis played.
Remov'ns nvisi ble 1ne ayo emo vey
the
in Olbout the back1i oe the objet
suaa erdeng Can be apn'ed toe thty
 Non iible
u'ihe liney Non
Unes ae (ine
ghon by not own.
ghlhted
dashed liney

5) Stace Rendeing
ot the object, will be
’ katae intenn
ty
Wtins conditon in the
aCcorong to the
0 astned sace
and aceordÌngy
har te ns tlca.
with
metho d ic wualy combinad
the
ereuiow metthod to attin

(1)
(2)

(3)
(4)