1. Biology is the study of history of life forms on earth.

2. When we look at stars on a clear night sky we are, in a way, looking back
in time. [T/F]
3. Stellar distances are measured in .
4. The universe is very old – almost million years old.
5. The earth is almost billion years old.
6. Huge clusters of comprise the universe.
7. Galaxies contain stars and clouds of gas and dust. [T/F]
8. The theory attempts to explain to us the origin of universe. It talks
of a singular huge explosion unimaginable in chemical terms. [T/F]
9. The universe expanded and hence, the came down.
[Link], Helium and other gases formed condensed under and
formed the of the present day universe.
[Link] was no atmosphere on earth around 45 x 10 8 years ago. [T/F]
[Link] vapour, methane, carbon dioxide and ammonia released from
mass covered the surface.
[Link] Gamma-rays from the sun brokeup water into Hydrogen and Oxygen
and the lighter H2 escaped. [T/F]
[Link] combined with ammonia and methane to form water, CO 2 and
others. [T/F]
[Link] temperature of earth , the water vapor fell as rain, to fill all the
depressions and form .
[Link] appeared billion years after the formation of earth.
17. Early Latin thinkers thought units of life called spores were transferred to
different planets including earth. [T/F]
18. is still a favourite idea for some astronomers with respect to
the theory of origin of life.
[Link] a long time it was also believed that life came out of decaying and
rotting matter like straw, mud, etc. This was the theory of spontaneous
generation or biogenesis. [T/F]
20. by careful experimentation demonstrated that life comes only
from pre-existing life. He showed that in pre-sterilised flasks, life did not
come from killed while in another flask open to air, new living
organisms arose.
21. of Russia and of England proposed that the first form
of life could have come from pre-existing non-living molecules
(e.g. RNA, protein, etc.) and that formation of life was preceded by
evolution, i.e., formation of diverse molecules from
constituents.
[Link] conditions on early earth were – high temperature, volcanic storms,
oxidising atmosphere containing CH 4, NH3, etc. [T/F]
[Link] 1953, , an American scientist created similar conditions in a
laboratory scale. He created discharge in a closed flask
0
containing CH4, , NH3 and water vapour at C. He observed
formation of .
[Link] of content also revealed similar compounds indicating that
similar processes are occurring elsewhere in space.
[Link] first non-cellular forms of life could have originated billion years
back or million years ago or years ago.
[Link] first cellular form of life did not possibly originate till about
billion years ago. These were probably . All life forms were in
environment only. This version of a , i.e., the first form of life arose
slowly through evolutionary forces from molecules is accepted
by majority.
[Link] of special creation has four connotations. [T/F]
[Link], that all living organisms (species or types) that we see today were
created as such. [T/F]
[Link], that the diversity was always the same since creation and will be the
same in future also. [T/F]
[Link], that earth is about 40000 years old. [T/F]
[Link] on observations made during a sea voyage in a sail ship called
H.M.S. Beagle round the world, concluded that existing living
forms share similarities to varying degrees not only among themselves but
also with life forms that existed millions of years ago.
[Link] population has built in in characteristics. Those
characteristics which enable some to survive better in natural conditions
(climate, food, physical factors, etc.) would crossbreed others that are
less-endowed to survive under such natural conditions. [T/F]
[Link] fitness, according to Darwin, refers ultimately and only to
fitness. These will survive more and hence are selected by nature. He
called it and implied it as a mechanism of .
[Link] Wallace, a naturalist who worked in had also come to
similar conclusions around the same time.
[Link] geological history of earth closely correlates with the biological history
of earth. [T/F]
36. are remains of hard parts of life-forms found in rocks.
[Link] form sediments and a cross-section of earth's crust indicates the
arrangement of sediments one over the other during the long history of
earth. [T/F]
38. Different-aged rock sediments contain fossils of same life-forms who
probably died during the formation of the particular sediment. [T/F]
39.A study of fossils in different layers indicates the period
in which they existed. All this is called evidence.
[Link] support for evolution was also proposed by based
upon the observation of certain features during embryonic stage common
to all that are absent in adult.
[Link] embryos of all vertebrates including human develop a row of vestigial
gill slit just ventral to the head but it is a functional organ only in fish and
not found in any other adult vertebrates. [T/F]
[Link] support of evolution was disapproved on careful study
performed by . He noted that embryos never pass through the
stages of other animals.
[Link] anatomy and morphology shows similarities and differences
among organisms of today and those that existed years ago. [T/F]
[Link], bats, Cheetah and human (all mammals) share similarities in the
pattern of bones of hindlimbs. [T/F]
[Link] performing different functions but have similar anatomical
structure are called organs, which represent
evolution that indicates towards .
[Link] hearts or brains. In plants also, the thorn and tendrils of
Bougainvillea and Cucurbita represent convergent evolution. [T/F]
47. Structures performing same functions but have different anatomical
structure are called organs, which represent
evolution.
[Link] of butterfly and of birds indicates concept of common ancestry.
[T/F]
[Link] eye of the octopus and of mammals or the flippers of Penguins and
Dolphins are examples of analogous organs. [T/F]
[Link] potato (stem modification) and potato (root modification) is
example for analogy. [T/F]
[Link] in proteins and genes performing a given function among
diverse organisms give clues to . These similarities
point to the
same shared ancestry as structural similarities among diverse organisms.
[Link] has bred selected plants and animals for agriculture, horticulture,
sport or security. [T/F]
[Link] intensive breeding programme has created breeds that differ from
other breeds (e.g., dogs) but still are of the different group. [T/F]
[Link] a collection of moths made in 1920s, i.e., before industrialisation set in,
it was observed that there were more white-winged moths on trees than
dark-winged or melanised moths. [T/F]
[Link] industrialisation, there were more dark-winged moths in the same
area, i.e., the proportion was reversed. [T/F]
[Link] melanism is an example of stabilising natural selection. [T/F]
57. During post industrialisation period, the tree trunks became due to
industrial smoke and soots. Under this condition the -winged moth
did not survive due to predators, while -winged moth survived.
[Link] industrialisation, thick growth of almost -coloured
covered the trees. In that background the winged moth survived
but the -coloured moth were picked out by predators. Hence,
moths that were able to themselves.
[Link] industrialization, in rural areas, the count of melanic moths was high.
[T/F]
[Link] organisms/cells are appearing in a time scale of months or years
and not centuries. These are examples of evolution by action.
[Link] is not a directed process in the sense of and is a
process based on chance events in nature and chance mutation
in the organisms.
[Link] his journey Darwin went to Islands.
63. birds called Darwin’s Finches were observed by Darwin. He
realised that there were many of finches in the same island.
[Link] the Darwin finches, evolved on the island itself from the original -
eating features, many other forms with altered arose, enabling them
to become insectivorous and vegetarian finches.
[Link] process of evolution of different species in a given geographical area
starting from a point and literally radiating to other areas of geography
(habitats) is called .
[Link]’s finches and Australian masupials represent best examples of
divergent evolution. [T/F]
[Link] more than one adaptive radiation appeared to have occurred in an
isolated geographical area (representing different habitats), it is called
evolution.
[Link] mammals in Australia exhibit divergent evolution, while
alongwith marsupials in Australia represent convergent evolution. [T/F]
69. Name corresponding marsupial to a given placental mammal:
a) Mole
b) Anteater
c) Lemur
d) Bobcat
e) Flying squirrel
f) Wolf
g) Mouse
[Link] by natural selection, started when forms of life with
differences in capability originated on earth.
[Link] essence of Darwinian theory about evolution is natural selection. [T/F]
[Link] rate of appearance of new forms is linked to the life cycle or the life
span. [T/F]
[Link] that divide fast shows natural selection slower as compared to
fish or fowl. [T/F]
[Link] selects for , which is based on characteristics which
are inherited. Hence, there must be a basis for getting selected
and to evolve.
[Link] is the intermediate result of the ability to adapt and get selected
by nature. [T/F]
76. and are the two key concepts of Darwinian
Theory of Evolution.
[Link] before Darwin, a Greek naturalist Lamarck had said that evolution of
life forms had occurred but driven by use and disuse of organs. [T/F]
[Link] gave the examples of who in an attempt to forage
leaves on tall trees had to adapt by elongation of their necks. They passed
on this character of elongated neck to succeeding
generations.
[Link] we describe the story of this world we describe evolution as a result
of a process, while on the other hand when we describe the story of life on
earth, we treat evolution as a process called natural selection. [T/F]
[Link] work of on populations influenced Darwin.
[Link] fact that theoretically population size will grow if everybody
reproduced maximally.
[Link] asserted that , which are heritable and which make
resource utilisation better for few will enable only those to reproduce and
leave more progeny.
83. had talked of inheritable 'factors' influencing phenotype,
either ignored these observations or kept silence.
[Link] deVries based on his work on brought forth the idea of
– large difference arising suddenly in a population.
[Link] are random and directionless while Darwinian variations are
small and directional. [T/F]
[Link] for Darwin was while deVries believed mutation caused
speciation and hence called it (single step large mutation).
[Link]-Weinberg principle expressed frequency of alleles in an population
using algebraic equations. [T/F]
[Link] to Hardy-Weinberg principle allele frequencies in a population
are unstable and is constant from generation to generation. [T/F]
[Link] gene pool (total genes and their alleles in a population) remains a
constant. This is called genetic equilibrium. [T/F]
[Link] total of all the frequencies is 1.
[Link] frequency of AA individuals in a population is p. [T/F]
[Link] Hardy-Weinberg principle can be expressed as,
p2+2pq+q2=1. This is an binomial factorization. [T/F]
[Link] frequency measured, differs from expected values, the difference
(direction) indicates the extent of change.
94. No. of factors are known to affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
[Link] migration of a section of population to another place and population
occurs, gene frequencies change in the original as well as in the new
 population. This is called , while if it happens multiple times
it is called .
[Link] the change in allele frequency is so different in the new
sample of population that they become a different species. The original
drifted population becomes and the effect is called
effect.
[Link] selection can lead to (in which more individuals acquire
mean character value), change (more individuals acquire value
other than the mean character value) or (more individuals
acquire peripheral character value at both ends of the distribution curve).
[Link] cells had the ability to release O 2, having reaction similar to the dark
reaction in photosynthesis where water is split with the help of solar
energy captured. [T/F]
[Link] the time of bya, invertebrates were formed and active.
100. probably evolved around 350 mya.
101. Sea weeds and few plants existed probably around mya.
102. The first organisms that invaded land were .
103. Fish with stout and strong could move on land and go back to
water. This was about bya.
104. In 1938, a fish caught in South America happened to be a Coelacanth
which was thought to be extinct. [T/F]
105. Coelacanth also called lobefins evolved into the first .
However, these were ancestors of modern day and .
106. The amphibians evolved into . They lay thin-shelled eggs
which do not dry up in sun unlike those of amphibians. [T/F]
107. Giant were present but they all fell to form coal deposits
slowly.
108. Some of these land reptiles went back into water to evolve into fish-like
reptiles probably 0.2 bya (e.g. Ichthyosaurs). [T/F]
109. Tyrannosaurus rex was about 20 metre in height and had huge
fearsome dagger like teeth. [T/F]
110. About mya, the dinosaurs suddenly disappeared from the
earth.
111. The first mammals were like . Their fossils are large sized. [T/F]
112. Mammals were viviparous and protected their unborn young inside the
mother’s body. [T/F]
113. When reptiles came down mammals took over this earth. [T/F]
114. Due to continental drift, when South America joined North America,
these animals were overridden by American fauna. Due to the
same continental drift mammals of Australia survived because
of lack of competition from any other mammal.
115. The most successful story is the evolution of man with language skills
and self-consciousness. [T/F]
116. About 15 mya, primates called and were
existing. They were hairy and walked like and .
117. was more man-like while was more
ape-like.
118. Few fossils of man-like bones have been discovered in Ethiopia and
Tanzania. [T/F]
119. Fossils of Etiopia and Tanzania revealed hominid features leading to the
belief that about mya, man-like primates walked in
area. They were probably not taller than feet but walked up right.
120. Two mya, probably lived in grasslands.
Evidence shows they hunted with weapons but essentially ate
.
121. The first human-like being the hominid and was called . The
brain capacities were between . They probably did eat meat.
[T/F]
122. Fossils discovered in in 1891 revealed the next stage, i.e.,
about
Mya, and had a large brain around cc. They probably ate
meat. [T/F]
123. The man with a brain size of cc lived in near east and
central between 1,00,000-40,000 years back. They used to
protect their body and buried their dead.
124. Homo sapiens arose in and moved across continents and
developed
into distinct . During age between years ago
modern Homo sapiens arose.
125. Pre-historic cave art developed about years ago. One such
cave paintings by Pre-historic humans can be seen at rock shelter
in
district of Madhya Pradesh.
126. Agriculture came around years back and human settlements
started.