General Physics ExperimentⅡ , Department of Physics, Sogang University [Link]
kr/physlab/
Experiment 7. Impedance on RLC ACcircuit
1. Purpose
Measure Impedance of RLC AC circuit and Confirm impedance difference with variety of frequency.
2. Principle
1) RLC device
RLC device shows different behavior by output voltage occurring structural physical characteristics.
Resistor has consistent electrical conductivity in DC and AC. Capacitor and inductor, on the other hand,
show different behavior in DC and AC. In DC, current can’t flow in capacitor. But it can easily flow in
inductor because of its small resistivity.
In AC, capacitor has small resistivity and inductor has large resistivity. This behavior is obvious at high
frequency. This experiment will figure out physical properties of the basic circuit device by using RLC
circuit. We can measure impedance in accordance with frequency.
2) Alternating Circuit
Electron flows same direction in metal conductor at DC. But, electron flows one way and change to the
other way in AC. This change occurs several times even during 1 sec.
Voltage and current change its value on AC. This term is expressed by
V = VM sin t (1)
I = I M sin (t + ) (2)
Where VM is maximum voltage, IM is maximum current, t is time, w is angle frequency and ф is initial
phase.
Let’s consider at RLC DC as shown in Fig 1.
In this circuit,
VR = IR (3)
VL = L dI / dt (4)
VC = 1/ C dq = 1/ C Idt (5)
Therefore, AC voltage is
V = VR + VL + VC
= IR + L dI / dt + 1/ C Idt ..(6)
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If we substitute equations,
VL = LI M cos(t + ) (7)
1
VC = − I cos(t + ) (8)
C M
VR = RI M sin(t + ) (9)
VL and VC has phase difference for π/2 and - π/2 from VR, respectively.
Fig. 1. Phase difference
Therefore,
VM = (VRM )2 + (VLM − VCM )2 (10)
We can measure maximum voltage when cos(wt+ф)=1 and -1. Let’s define this values as VLM and VCM,
respectively.
VLM = LI M (11)
1
VCM = I (12)
C M
VRM = RI M (13)
Where we define wL and 1/wC as inductive reactance XL and capacitive reactance XC, respectively. It is
similar to R at Ohm’s raw, V=IR in DC.
X L = L = 2 fL (14)
1 1
XC = = (15)
C 2 fC
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General Physics ExperimentⅡ , Department of Physics, Sogang University [Link]
Therefore, VRM, VLM and VCM at RLC circuit is defined as
VRM = I M R , VLM = I M X L , VCM = I M X C
Impedance Z at AC is
1 2
Z = R 2 + ( L − ) (16)
C
And phase ф is
1
V −V L−
= tan −1 ( L C ) = tan −1 C
(17)
VR R
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General Physics ExperimentⅡ , Department of Physics, Sogang University [Link]
3. Equipment and set up
(1) 850 interface
(2) RLC Experimental Equipment
(3) 1 Multimeter
Fig 2. RLC Experimental Equipment
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General Physics ExperimentⅡ , Department of Physics, Sogang University [Link]
4. Experiment & Results
Voltage
Signal
Sensor
generator
Fig 3. RLC circuit connected to 850 interface
generator
Sensor
Voltage
Signal
Multimeter
Fig 4. RLC Circuit set-up
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1. Connect the power cable to the RLC circuit and connect as shown in Fig3. and Fig4.
Press the red button on an upper edge of RLC circuit board.
2. Select Voltage sensor in Hardware setup of PASCO Capstone as shown in Fig. 5
Fig. 5 Voltage Sensor of Pasco Capstone
3. As shown in Fig. 6, set the amplitude of the signal generator to 5 V, set the desired fr
equency and press on (actual applied voltage is multiplied by 2 because of 2 amplifie
r in the RLC circuit board).
Fig 6. Signal generator setting
4. Select the desired resister, capacitor, and coil. The un-used load is dialed with a short.
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5. Change to ‘Fast Monitor Mode’ as shown in Fig. 7
Fig. 7 Fast Monitor Mode setting
6. As shown in Fig. 8, open the scope and set the x-axis time and y-axis voltage sensor
values of Channel 3. After that, press Record button to read the voltage value in each
channel.
Fig. 8 Scope Setting
7. The total voltage Vt shorts all loads except the resistor, reads the voltage across the
resister, and measures the total current It with a multimeter. (note that what we are
using is the amplitude of the current and not the rms value.) After that, the voltage
applied to each load in the scope is obtained.
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8. The voltage is obtained using the delta tool as shown below. First, Click the icon in the
picture.
Fig. 9 delta tool of scope
9. When the cursor appears, place the cursor at the maximum value of the voltage
frome the desired channel. Then right-click the mouse and press Show Delta Tool.
Fig. 10 delta tool setting
10. When the other cursor is set to the minimum value, the peak to peak value is
displayed. Dividing this value by 2 becomes the amplitude of the voltage. (V = ΔV/2).
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Fig. 11 amplitude of the voltage
11. Repeat the above procedure for the RL, RC and RLC circuit in the data sheet.
V𝑅 V𝐿
12. From the measured data, the resistance R = , induction reaction resistance 𝑋𝐿 = ,
𝐼𝑡 𝐼𝑡
V𝐶
and the power storage reaction resistance 𝑋𝐶 = . Compare this with the theoretical
𝐼𝑡
value R , 𝜔𝐿, 1/𝜔𝐶.
13. Check to √𝑉𝑅2 + (𝑉𝐿2 − 𝑉𝐶2 ) = 𝑉𝑡 .
√𝑉𝑅2 +(𝑉𝐿2 −𝑉𝐶2 )
14. Obtain Z = and compare it with the theoretical formula (16). Also, find the
𝐼𝑡
𝑉 −𝑉
phase angle 𝜙 = tan−1 𝐿 𝐶 and compare it with the equation(17).
𝑉𝑅
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General Physics ExperimentⅡ , Department of Physics, Sogang University [Link]
5. DATA Sheet
1) R-L circuit
1st → Resistor : Ω inductor : H
Frequency f It Vt VR VL
100 Hz
250 Hz
500 Hz
1K Hz
1.5K Hz
2K Hz
2nd → Resistor : Ω inductor : H
Frequency f It Vt VR VL
100 Hz
250 Hz
500 Hz
1K Hz
1.5K Hz
2K Hz
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General Physics ExperimentⅡ , Department of Physics, Sogang University [Link]
2) R-C circuit
1st → Resistor : Ω capacitor : F
Frequency f It Vt VR VC
100 Hz
250 Hz
500 Hz
1K Hz
1.5K Hz
2K Hz
2nd → Resistor : Ω capacitor : F
Frequency f It Vt VR VC
100 Hz
250 Hz
500 Hz
1K Hz
1.5K Hz
2K Hz
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General Physics ExperimentⅡ , Department of Physics, Sogang University [Link]
3) R-L-C circuit
1st → Resistor : Ω capacitor : F inductor: H
Frequency f It Vt VR VL VC
100 Hz
250 Hz
500 Hz
1K Hz
1.5K Hz
2K Hz
2nd → Resistor : Ω capacitor : F inductor: H
Frequency f It Vt VR VL VC
100 Hz
250 Hz
500 Hz
1K Hz
1.5K Hz
2K Hz
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