INTERNET

1. Introduction to Internet
The Internet is the world’s largest communication network that connects millions of computers,
mobile phones, and other smart devices across the globe. It allows people to share information,
communicate, and access services from any part of the world. The Internet works based on a set
of rules known as protocols, the most important being TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol).

History and Evolution of the Internet

• The Internet began as a project called ARPANET in the 1960s by the U.S. Department of
Defense.
• Initially used by researchers and universities.
• In the 1990s, the Internet became available to the general public.
• Today, it has become a vital part of daily life: education, business, entertainment,
banking, communication, etc.

How the Internet Works

• Servers – powerful computers storing websites and data.
• Clients – user devices like computers, phones.
• Routers – devices that guide data packets to the correct destination.
• Communication Protocols – rules that allow devices to communicate.

When you access a website:

1. You type a URL.

2. The browser sends a request to the server.
3. The server sends back the webpage data.
4. The browser displays it on your screen.

Internet Services
a. Email (Electronic Mail)
Send and receive messages instantly across the world.

b. World Wide Web (WWW)

A system of interlinked web pages that you view using a browser.
c. Social Media
Platforms like Facebook, X, Instagram.

d. E-Commerce
Online shopping: Daraz, Amazon, AliExpress.

e. Online Banking
Financial transactions via the Internet.

f. Cloud Storage
Online file storage: Google Drive, OneDrive, Dropbox.

g. Video Communication
Zoom, Skype, Google Meet.

Advantages of the Internet

• Global communication
• Faster access to information
• Online education
• Entertainment and media
• E-commerce and online payments
• Business automation
• Remote work

Disadvantages of the Internet

• Cybercrimes (hacking, phishing, scams)
• Addiction (social media, gaming)
• Privacy issues
• Fake news & misinformation
• Health problems (overuse of screens)

Search Engine
A search engine is a kind of website through which users can search the content available on
the Internet. For this purpose, users enter the desired keywords into the search field. Then the
search engine looks through its index for relevant web pages and displays them in the form of a
list. The Internet is a huge source of information & resources, and to access the resources from
the Internet, there are some kinds of software; this software is known as a search engine. Some
of the popular ones are Google, Bing, Yahoo, DuckDuckGo, Baidu, etc. A search engine is an
online system that helps users find information on the Internet by typing keywords.

How Search Engines Work

They perform three major tasks:

a. Crawling
Crawlers are software programs sometimes referred to the bots. It regularly scans the websites
automatically for URLs, keywords, and links to discover the new updates. The crawler can
follow the links present on some other [Link] programs called spiders/bots visit
webpages and collect data.

b. Indexing
As we know, the Crawler continuously scans the websites, it develops an index of URLs, links,
and keywords to make the search results more effective. Collected data is stored in a huge
database (index).

c. Ranking
The search engine shows results based on:

• relevance
• keywords
• website quality
• freshness
• user location

d. Search Algorithm:
The search algorithm is the complete mechanism behind the whole searching process. It is
working by searching for the index and finding the most suitable web pages by matching
keywords that are searched by the users.

Types of Search Results

a. Organic Results
These are the natural search results that appear when you search something on Google (or any
search engine). No one pays money to Google for these results. Google shows these websites
because it thinks they are the most relevant, useful, and trustworthy for your [Link]
results depend on:

o Quality of the website

o Content relevance
o User experience
o Search engine rules (SEO)
• Example:
If you search "best laptops 2025", the first few normal websites that appear (without
"Ad" label) are organic results.

b. Paid Results (Ads)

These are the search results for which companies pay money to Google. Google displays these
websites at the top of the page, even above organic results. They always have a small label like
“Ad” or “Sponsored”. Companies pay to show their website to more people and get more
customers.

• Example:
When you search "buy laptop", the first few results with Ad written in front are paid ads.

Features of a Search Engine

• Keyword search
• Voice search
• Autocomplete suggestions
• Filters (images, videos, news, maps)
• Spell correction
• Personalized results

Advantages of Search Engines

• Saves time
• Provides accurate information
• Helps in research
• Easy navigation of the internet
• Free of cost

Disadvantages of Search Engines

• Shows ads
• May track user data
WEB BROWSER
A web browser is a software program that helps users access, retrieve, and view webpages on
the Internet. It acts as an interface between the user and the World Wide Web. The first web
browser was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 and the very first graphical web browser
was developed in 1993 and is named the mosaic. After that, various web browsers were
developed.

Examples of Browsers
• Google Chrome
• Mozilla Firefox
• Microsoft Edge
• Safari
• Opera
• Brave

Functions of a Browser
a. Opening websites
Allows users to access any website by entering its URL.

b. Displaying webpages
Reads HTML, CSS, and JavaScript and shows content in visual form.

c. Navigation tools
Back, forward, refresh, stop, and home buttons.
d. Downloading files
Images, documents, software, videos, etc.

e. Managing bookmarks
Save frequently used websites for quick access.

f. Ensuring security
Warns users about harmful websites.
Supports HTTPS (secure browsing).

Characteristics
It consists of Graphical User Interface.

It contains the search box where the user can type the address or URL.

Page style can be static or dynamic. It depends upon the interactivity and the formatting.

TCP/IP and HTTP protocols are used by web browsers.

Components of a Browser
a. Address Bar
Where you type the URL.

b. Search Box
Used for instant searches.

c. Tabs
Allows multiple webpages to be opened at the same time.

d. Menu / Settings
Controls browser options (history, extensions, privacy settings).
e. Bookmarks Bar
Saves favorite websites.

Browser Cache
Temporary storage used to load websites faster.

8. Advantages of Browsers
• Easy to access information
• High speed
• User-friendly
• Secure browsing
• Customization (extensions and add-ons)

Difference between :
S.
No. Parameters Search Engine Web Browser

A search engine is used to find Web Browser uses the search

the information in the World engine to retrieve and view
1. Definition Wide Web and displays the the information from web
results at one place by returning pages present on the web
web pages available on internet. servers.

Search engine is intended to Web Browsers are intended

gather Information regarding to Display the web page of
2. Usage
several URL's and to maintain the current URL available at
it. the server.

Search Engine need not to be

Many Web Browsers can be
3. Installation installed on our system (i.e.
installed on our system.
comes as default).

The search engine is accessed Typically, all devices are

4. Accessibility
through a web browser. supported.
S.
No. Parameters Search Engine Web Browser

A web browser uses a

The Search Indexer, Crawler,
graphical user interface to
and Database are the three
5. Components help users have an
essential components of a
interactive online session on
search engine.
the Internet.

No database is required in
Web browser. It contains
A search engine contains its only cache memory to store
6. Database
own database. cookies as well as browsing
history until we remove it
from our system.

A search engine is not required A browser is required to

to open the browser. This means open a search engine. This
7. Dependency
that the search engine is reliant means that the browser is not
on the browser. reliant on the search engine.

Typically, search engines Unless you actively clear

acquire information on their this data or use a private
users and their search queries. browsing mode, browsers
8. History
Some search engines, such as will retain your browsing
DuckDuckGo, do not gather history, cookies, and cache
user information. in memory.

The major Advantages of using

The major Advantages of
search engines are to Get the
using web browser are open
Consumer Trust, Trackable
9. Advantages standards, security sandbox,
Results, Generates Targeted
Robust GUI and Simple
Traffic, Sustainable Clicks and
networking.
Grow Your Small Business.

The disadvantages of using

The disadvantages of using
search engines are difficult Of
web browsers are slow down
10. Disadvantages Competitive Keywords,
with the new version and no-
Changing Algorithms and
add on support.
Results are Not Guarantee.
S.
No. Parameters Search Engine Web Browser

Example of famous search Some of the widely used

engines are: Google, Yahoo, web browsers are: Mozilla
11. Examples
Bing, DuckDuckgo, Baidu Firefox, Netscape Navigator,
Internet Explorer. and Google Chrome.