With rare exceptions, cervical cancer results from genital infection with HPV, which is a
known human carcinogen. [31, 33, 34, 35, 36] Although HPV infections can be transmitted via
nonsexual routes, the majority result from sexual contact. Consequently, major risk
factors identified in epidemiologic studies are as follows:
Sex at a young age
Multiple sexual partners
Promiscuous male partners
History of sexually transmitted diseases
HIV infection is associated with a 5-fold increase in the risk of cervical cancer,
presumably because of an impaired immune response to HPV infection. [32] Exposure to
diethylstilbestrol in utero has been associated with an increased risk of CIN grade 2 or
higher.
such as cervical polyp, cervical leiomyoma, invasion of the cervix from primary uterine
malignancy, vaginal cancer, cervical lymphoma, metastases to cervix, and cervical
ectopic pregnancy
cervical polyp Cervical polyps are benign growths, usually protruding from the surface of the
cervical canal. They commonly occur during the reproductive years, especially after the age of
20.
The cervical polyps may vary in size, shape, and origin. They can present as single or multiple,
tear-shaped or lobular, cherry-red, or greyish-white in color, depending on the vascularity of the
lesion. The size of the cervical polyp is typically less than three cm in diameter; however, as
mentioned earlier, they can vary in size and can be large enough to fill the vagina or be present at
the introitus. Anatomically, a cervical polyp is connected to the surface by a pedicle, which is
usually long and thin but may, as well, present as short and broad-based.
Cervical leiomyomas are a rare benign disease. Although they are
mainly treated surgically, currently, there is not a standardized
treatment for cervical leiomyomas. This study aims to summarize
current literature evidence about treatment options for cervical
leiomyomas.
Vaginal cancer is a rare cancer that occurs in your vagina — the muscular tube that
connects your uterus with your outer genitals. Vaginal cancer most commonly occurs in
the cells that line the surface of your vagina, which is sometimes called the birth canal.
While several types of cancer can spread to your vagina from other places in your body,
cancer that begins in your vagina (primary vaginal cancer) is rare.
cervical lymphoma Lymphoma of the cervix is a relatively rare tumor with
an overall incidence of less than 1% among all cervical malignancies. The
most common clinical presentation is abnormal uterine bleeding,
although occasionally atypical lymphoid cells on a routine cervical smear
have led to detection.[1,2]
While cervicovaginal cytology is neither a screening nor a diagnostic test
for cervical lymphoma, in some cases, an atypical clinical presentation
may be suggestive of lymphoma. The cervical lymphomas may be
misdiagnosed on Papanicolaou (Pap) smears by the pathologist because
lymphomas are unexpected at this site and may be confused with other
types of malignant neoplasms or inflammatory processes. Herein, we
describe a case of cervical lymphoma which was diagnosed as squamous
cell carcinoma on cervicovaginal cytology.