2024/25 AY

(Fasil Tebeje)
q Introduction
v General
q Definition of terms
q Building Classifications

v Classification based on occupancies

v Classification based on types of construction

q Components of a Building
q Design and performance requirements

q Project life cycle of a building

q Main Parties in Building Construction

q Resource for Building Construction

 INTRODUCTION

can be generally considered as a structure consisting of

floors, walls and roofs erected to provide covered space for different
uses such as residence, business, entertainment, workshop, etc.
is a process of constructing something by man for one
purpose or another. It may be a road, bridge, a dam, a dwelling place,
an airport, a commercial building, etc.
q Buildings come in a wide amount of and , and have
been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors:
♦ building materials available ♦ weather conditions

♦ land prices ♦ ground conditions

♦ specific uses ♦ aesthetic reasons
3
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

q Buildings serve several needs of society – primarily as shelter from

weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store
belongings and to comfortably live and work.

q The initial causes which forced man to look for shelter were:

ü Fear of wild animals

ü Seeking protection against the cold and the heat
ü Seeking shelter against the rain and wind
ü The desire for a place where everything belonging to the family
could be gathered

4
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

q The main considerations in architectural design of buildings for all

purpose are:
vClimate and its effect
vPeople and their requirements
vMaterials for construction and method of construction
vRegulations and building codes

q Requirements which must be satisfied for the construction of a

modern house are:
§ A plot of land
§ Permission from local authorities
§ Materials for building
§ Skilled labourers for the erection
§ Finance
5
§ Professionals, such as architects and engineers
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
2. DEFINITION OF TERMS
is an assemblage that is firmly attached to the ground and
that provides total or nearly total shelter for machines, processing
equipment, performance of human activities, storage of human
possessions, or any combination of these.

is the process of providing all information necessary

for construction of a building that w ill meet the ow ner ’s
requirements and also satisfy public health, welfare, and safety
requirements.

is the process of assembling materials to form

a building based on the building design.

6
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
3. BUILDING CLASSIFICATIONS
q Buildings can be generally classified in different groups depending
upon their occupancy of use or type of construction.

Classification Based On Classification Based On

Occupancy Types Of Construction

• Residential buildings • Type1: Fire-resisting

• Educational buildings construction
• Type 2: Non-combustible
• Assembly buildings
construction
• Business buildings • Type 3: Heavy timber
• Mercantile buildings construction
• Industrial buildings • Type 4: Ordinary
• Institutional buildings construction
• Type 5: Wood frame
• Storage buildings
7 construction
• Hazardous buildings
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
3.1. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OCCUPANCIES
include house s
occupied by persons where living
accommodations are provided.
private residences, apartments, dormitories,
hotels, etc.
include any building
used for educational instructions.
schools

include any building

where group of people gather for amusement,
recreation, social, political, religious and
similar purposes.
theatres, halls, places of worship, etc.

8
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
[Link] BASED ON OCCUPANCIES (CONT…)
any building which is
used for the transaction of business, for
professional services and for keeping accounts
& records for similar purpose.
Garages, barbershops, city halls,
courthouses, libraries, etc.
any building which is
used as shops, stores, market, and for display
and sale of merchandise.
Shopping malls
any building or structure
in which products or materials of all kinds are
fabricated, assembled, finished or processed.
Assembly plants

9
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
3.2. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OCCUPANCIES
any building which is
used for purposes such as medical or other
treatment or care or for penal or correctional
detention.
hospitals, prisons, etc
any building which is used
for storage or sheltering of goods, merchandise,
agricultural products, raw materials etc.
ware houses, barns, etc
any building used for
storage, handling, manufacturing or processing of
highly inflammable, combustible or explosive
materials.
explosive storage

10
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
3.2. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
q Buildings are classified on the basis of resistance to fire of the
elements of the buildings.

v Type of construction in which the elements of the building, which

include the floors, walls, columns and the roof itself, are non-
combustible.
v The building is sufficiently fire resistant that it withstands the effect
of fire and prevents its spread to other rooms.

11
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
3.2. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
(CONT…)

v Construction in which the walls, partitions, structural elements etc. are non-
combustible with less fire resistance than Type 1.

v Exterior walls are out of masonry or other non combustible material.

v Interior structural members, floors and roofs are constructed out of timber either in
solid or laminated forms.

v Exterior walls are out of masonry or other non combustible material.

v Interior structural members could be partially or wholly out of wood of relatively
smaller sections unlike Type 3.

v Type of construction in which practically the whole of the building is out of wood or
other combustible materials.

12
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
4. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING

q A building has two basic parts:

vSub-structure
vSuper structure

is the lower portion of the building, usually located below the

ground level, which transmits the loads of the super-structure to the
supporting soil.

is that part of the structure which is above the ground level,

and which serves the purpose of its intended use.

q The basic component of a building include:

♦ Foundations ♦ Walls ♦
floor
♦ structures ♦ Roof structures ♦ Building finishes
♦ Doors, windows and other openings ♦ Ve r t i c a l
transportation
13
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
4. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING (CONT…)

Sub-structure

14
Super-structure and sub-structure
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
4. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING

3D-model

15
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
5. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
q A building structure should satisfy the following basic design and
performance requirements
A. The structure should have adequate (factor of
safety) in addition to that necessary to support its normal
loading.

B. It must have so that its distortion does not

offend the eye or reduce the efficiency of the structure for its
normal purpose.

C. The building should be planned to provide sufficient

to the occupants of the building.

16
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
5. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
q To accommodate the basic functional requirements, a building
should satisfy the following requirements in its design and
construction works:

q Any structural component of a building should be strong

enough to carry or support all possible types of loads to which
it is likely to be subjected.
q The Loads in a building are commonly classified as: dead
loads, super imposed or live loads and wind loads.
are static loads due to the weight of the respective
structural members, i.e. The wall partitions, roofs, slabs and
all other permanent fixtures in the building.

17
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
5. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

Gravity Load

18 Lateral Loading
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
5. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
also called as super-imposed loads, consist of moving
or variable loads, due to people or occupants, their furniture,
temporary stores, machinery, etc.

are loads, which can cause uplift on a building and

reduce the pressure on the foundation on the windward side
and increase pressure on the leeward side. The effect of wind
pressure increases with the height of the building.

q Refers to the resistance to dimensional changes in building

materials and structures caused due to:
Ø elastic and plastic deformations as a result of applied loads
Ø expansion and contraction due to changes in temperature
and moisture content.
19
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
5. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

q Should be satisfied by proper planning of the buildings and its

units.
Ø Optimum utilization of space
Ø Lighting considerations
Ø Orientation

q The presence of moisture in any building structure

deteriorates the materials strength, reduces durability and
could cause partial or total failure of the structure.

Ø A building structure should not ignite easily

Ø A building should provide means of fire escape
Ø A building should be designed to reduce the spread of fire
20
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
5. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

q The building should be designed in such a way to maintain

fairly constant temperature of the internal environment
independently of the varying climatic conditions externally.

q Day lighting is essential to promote the activities carried in

the building and to create pleasant inside environment.
q Ventilation is essential to prevent undue concentration of
odours, fumes, dust, etc and maintain suitable condition for
the user of the building.

q The insulation of noise is a very important requirement for

buildings such as hospitals, educational institutions, offices
and residential building located in noisy areas.
21
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
5. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

q The durability of a building is defined as the time over which

a building remains serviceable and depends mainly on
Ø Type of building materials
Ø Environmental exposure
Ø Quality of workmanship
Ø Degree of maintenance, etc

q Due considerations should be given in designing and

constructing external walls and openings to protect a building
against burglary or theft

q The designer must exercise economy at every stage of

planning, design, construction, maintenance and operation.
22
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)
6. THE PROJECT LIFE CYCLE OF A BUILDING
q The project life cycle of a building may be viewed as a process through
which a building project is implemented from cradle to grave.
Market
demand or
Definition of project
perceived objectives and scope
needs Conceptual
planning
and
feasibility
Fulfillment study
Conceptual plan or
of useful life
Operation preliminary design
and Design and
maintenance engineering

Acceptance of facility Plans and specifications

Start up for Procurement
occupancy and
construction

Completion of
construction
23
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

q The practice of , , , and

buildings is most usually a collective effort of different groups of
professionals and trades.
q Depending on the size, complexity, and purpose of a particular
building project, the project team may include:
v A client or an owner: Individuals, government, real estate
developers etc.
v financial institutions or other investors that provide the
funding
v Local planning and code authorities
v Consultants or Licensed architects and engineers who
provide building design and prepare construction documents
v Contractors who provide construction services and install
building systems
v Marketing or leasing agents
v Facility managers who are responsible for operating the
building.
24
 INTRODUCTION

25
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

q The client is the most important party who is active from inception to
completion and event to post-occupancy maintenance.
q Clients may be classified as and
.

§ Central Government Offices (Ministries)

§ Local Authorities (Regional or Town)
§ Public Corporations

§ These are private individuals & private companies.

26
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

q Demand for the product. For example for the building project:
§ Availability and cost of land,
§ Location & accessibility
§ Price
§ Required Infrastructure
§ Legal constraints
§ Current & future development
§ Soil characteristics of land
§ Site preparation (right of way)
§ Permits

27
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

q The main role of the consultant is to interpret the client’s project

requirement into a specific design.
q The consultants’ team shall:
§ Ascertain, interpret and formulate the client’s requirement into an
understandable project.
§ Design the project to much requirements and constraints (imposed
by statutory obligations, technical feasibility, environmental factors,
site conditions, cost, etc)
§ Assess client’s cost limit to decide on materials & the like.
§ Prepare contract documents.
§ Supervise the project and constantly inform the client on the
progress
§ Approve payments
§ Resolve contractual disputes
§ Issue provisional and final acceptance certification
28
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

q These are groups established mainly as commercial companies, that

contract to construct development projects.
q Responsibility of contractors:
§ Carry out a full site investigation prior to submission of tender,
§ Submit tender,
§ Plan, Program, Control the construction process.
§ Notify the consultant about delays, discrepancies,
§ Effect all payments to his employees, suppliers, subcontractors,
§ Rectify all defects on completion of works, etc
§ Provide post occupancy repair & maintenance if required.

29
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

§ These bodies offer technical advice during design and

construction in their respective areas.
§ E.g. EEPCO, AAWSA, Fire Authority - requires meeting their
specific requirements. Thus early information to these
authorities is required.

§ These bodies offer the basic Land permit and building permit.

30
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

q The following resources are vital for construction industry:

v Human Resources (Labor or Workmen)
v Financial Resources ( Fund)
v Information Resources
v Physical Resources ( Materials, Equipment and Other Assets)
v Services and Management

q These include professional, skilled, semi skilled and unskilled

laborers.
q Human resources can be understood in two values: and
.
- refers to the of labor for the scope defined.
- refers to , and
as per the demands of the scopes ability.
31
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

q Construction Managers need to be capable of:

§ Communication- Inter-personal, group interaction-skills
§ Problem solving / Conflict resolution / Negotiation Skills
§ Facilitating / Decision- making Skills
§ Writing skills for Proposals / Reports / ToRs / MoUs; and
§ Hard Skills- Planning, Implementing, Leading and Monitoring
tools.

q Usually funds are available from among Governmental institution,

Private institutions and Donors in the form of loan or assistance.

q Information can be understood in two terms: whether processed

or not; and its .

32
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

q Material covers 55-70% of the total construction cost.

q Though their initial cost is high using equipments are far more better
than using labor.

q Physical Infrastructures and Owned Land are assets which can be

collaterals for capital base enhancement and credit facilities and are
useful to develop the scarce financial resources and getting into
business access.

33
 INTRODUCTION (CONT…)

q Services such as acquisition of land, provisions of water supply,

electric power, communication systems, etc., are very much
necessary in the construction industry.

q Management has come to employ a disciplined approach to the use

of available resources.

34
35