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Class 12 Math: Determinants Explained

This document covers Chapter 4 of NCERT Class 12 Mathematics, focusing on determinants, including definitions, theorems, and formulas related to square matrices. Key concepts include the determinant, minor, cofactor, adjoint, and conditions for singular and non-singular matrices. It also provides specific formulas for calculating determinants of 2x2 and 3x3 matrices, as well as applications like finding the area of a triangle and conditions for collinearity.

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4 views2 pages

Class 12 Math: Determinants Explained

This document covers Chapter 4 of NCERT Class 12 Mathematics, focusing on determinants, including definitions, theorems, and formulas related to square matrices. Key concepts include the determinant, minor, cofactor, adjoint, and conditions for singular and non-singular matrices. It also provides specific formulas for calculating determinants of 2x2 and 3x3 matrices, as well as applications like finding the area of a triangle and conditions for collinearity.

Uploaded by

annmariapoulose.g
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

NCERT Class 12 Mathematics – Chapter 4:

Determinants

Definitions
Determinant of a Square Matrix: Every square matrix A = [aij] of order n is associated with a
number, called the determinant of A, denoted as det(A) or |A|.
Minor of an Element: The minor of an element aij is the determinant obtained by deleting its i-th
row and j-th column.
Cofactor of an Element: The cofactor of an element aij is Aij = (−1)i+jMij, where Mij is the minor
of aij.
Adjoint of a Square Matrix: adj(A) is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of A, i.e., adj(A) =
[Aij]T.
Singular and Non-singular Matrix: A is singular if |A| = 0, and non-singular if |A| ≠ 0.

Theorems
Theorem 1: |AT| = |A|.
Theorem 2: Interchanging two rows (or two columns) of a determinant changes its sign.
Theorem 3: If two rows (or two columns) are identical, then the determinant = 0.
Theorem 4: If two rows (or columns) are proportional, determinant = 0.
Theorem 5: If each element of a row (or column) is multiplied by scalar k, determinant is
multiplied by k.
Theorem 6: Adding a multiple of one row (or column) to another does not change the
determinant.
Theorem 7: |AB| = |A||B| for square matrices A and B.
Theorem 8: If A is non-singular, |A−1| = 1/|A|.

Formulas
Determinant of a 2×2 Matrix:
|a b| = ad − bc
|c d|
Determinant of a 3×3 Matrix:
|a11 a12 a13|
|a21 a22 a23| = a11(a22a33 − a23a32) − a12(a21a33 − a23a31) + a13(a21a32 − a22a31)
|a31 a32 a33|
Laplace Expansion: |A| = Σj=1n aijAij (expansion along i-th row) or |A| = Σi=1n aijAij (expansion
along j-th column).
Inverse of a Non-singular Matrix: A−1 = (1/|A|)·adj(A).
Area of a Triangle (vertices A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2), C(x3,y3)):
∆ = 1/2 · |x1 y1 1|
|x2 y2 1|
|x3 y3 1|
Condition for Collinearity:
|x1 y1 1| = 0
|x2 y2 1|
|x3 y3 1|

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