The figure below shows the displayed structures of five organic compounds, A, B, C, D and E.
1.
A B C
D E
(a) Choose which organic compound, A, B, C, D or E, matches the descriptions.
You may choose each compound once, more than once or not at all.
Write the letter of the compound that:
(i) is a saturated hydrocarbon
(1)
(ii) comes from a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n
(1)
(iii) has the empirical formula C2H6O
(1)
(iv) reacts with calcium carbonate to produce carbon dioxide
(1)
(v) reacts with compound A to produce compound C.
(1)
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(b) Compound B (C2H4) and C8H18 are produced by cracking C14H30
C14H30 3C2H4 + C8H18
(i) Give two conditions for cracking.
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(2)
(ii) Explain why C8H18 has a lower boiling point than C14H30
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(2)
(c) Compound B is a colourless gas.
Give a chemical test and its result to show that compound B is unsaturated.
Test _______________________________________________________________
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Result _____________________________________________________________
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(2)
(d) Compound B is ethene.
Complete the equation to show the formation of poly(ethene) from ethene.
(3)
(Total 14 marks)
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This question is about organic compounds.
2.
(a) Ethanol is an alcohol.
One use of ethanol is in alcoholic drinks.
Give two other uses of ethanol.
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___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) Which gas is produced when sodium reacts with ethanol?
Tick ( ) one box.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Hydrogen
Oxygen
(1)
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(c) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) can be produced from ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
(i) What type of reaction produces ethanoic acid from ethanol?
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Complete the displayed structure of ethanoic acid.
(1)
(iii) Solutions of ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid with the same concentration have
different pH values.
Explain why the solution of ethanoic acid has a higher pH than the solution of
hydrochloric acid.
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(2)
(d) Ethanol and ethanoic acid react in the presence of a catalyst to form an ester.
(i) Name the ester made from ethanol and ethanoic acid.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) What type of chemical is used as a catalyst in this reaction?
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(1)
(iii) Esters are used in perfumes because they smell pleasant and are volatile.
What does volatile mean?
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(1)
(Total 10 marks)
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Petrol sold in most countries now contains at least 5% ethanol.
3. The production of ethanol, for use as a fuel, is being increased.
The flow diagram shows how ethanol can be produced from crude oil.
(a) Why does crude oil need to be fractionally distilled?
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(1)
(b) Hydrocarbons, such as decane, in the naphtha fraction are cracked to produce ethene.
The balanced chemical equation shows the cracking of decane.
C10H22 → C8H18 + C 2H 4
decane octane ethene
(i) Describe how cracking is done.
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(2)
(ii) Complete the structural formula of ethene by drawing lines to represent each covalent
bond.
H H
C C
H H
(1)
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(c) The flow diagram below shows how ethanol, for use as a fuel, can also be produced from
food crops.
Use the information in the two flow diagrams and your own knowledge and understanding
to evaluate whether more of this ethanol should be produced from food crops or from crude
oil.
Remember to give a conclusion to your evaluation.
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(5)
(Total 9 marks)
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Mark schemes
(a) (i) D
1. 1
(ii) B
1
(iii) A
1
(iv) E
1
(v) E
1
(b) (i) high temperature
ignore hot / heat
allow temperature quoted (range 300-900 °C)
1
catalyst or steam
1
(ii) C8H18 smaller molecule
It = C8H18
1
therefore there are weaker intermolecular forces
allow intermolecular bonds
do not accept breaking covalent bonds / bonds
or
weaker intermolecular forces in C8H18 (1)
allow intermolecular bonds
so less energy to break (1)
1
(c) add bromine water
1
turns (from orange / yellow / red / brown) to colourless or decolourises
do not accept discoloured
ignore clear incorrect test = 0 marks
1
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(d)
single C – C bond
1
four carbon-hydrogen bonds in place and two trailing bonds
1
structure in brackets and n at bottom right
1
[14]
(a) any two from:
2.
• fuel
allow source of energy
• solvent
allow perfume / aftershave
• antiseptic
allow antibacterial
2
(b) Hydrogen
1
(c) (i) oxidation
do not allow redox
1
(ii) correct structure
1
(iii) ethanoic acid is a weak / weaker acid
it = ethanoic acid
1
because it does not completely ionise.
allow because it does not completely dissociate
allow it has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions
allow converse for hydrochloric acid
do not allow ionising
1
(d) (i) ethyl ethanoate
1
(ii) acid
allow any strong acid
allow correct formulae
1
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(iii) evaporates easily / quickly
allow low boiling point
do not allow flammable
1
[10]
(a) it is a mixture (of hydrocarbons) or contains hydrocarbons with different
3. boiling points
accept to separate (crude) oil (into fractions) or obtain the naphtha
(fraction)
accept to get useful products
ignore removal of impurities
1
(b) (i) heat / vaporise
mention of hydrogen = max 1
accept thermal (decomposition) for heat
allow boil
do not allow temperatures below 100°C
ignore steam
1
catalyst
allow alumina / porous pot
ignore other catalysts
1
(ii) 4 × C – H and C = C
ignore brackets with or without an ‘n’ before them
do not allow poly(ethene)
1
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(c) ignore ideas about carbon dioxide formation / photosynthesis or
cost / economics / environmentally friendly
any four from:
candidates are only awarded 1 mark if they use equivalent pairs of
bulleted points
must be at least one advantage and one disadvantage for all four marks
crops
advantages eg:
crude oil
disadvantages eg:
• renewable (resource) / sustainable
• non-renewable (resource) / finite / running out
• low / less energy / fuel needed for process or lower temperature [ignore heat or
quoted temperatures]
• high / more energy needed for process or/ higher temperature
• can use waste plant / crop material
• carbon neutral
• not carbon neutral or releases locked up carbon
• low safety risk (processes)
• high safety risk (process)
• low technology
• high technology
• risk of major oil spillage
• can be used to make other products
disadvantages eg:
advantages eg:
• batch process / process is slow
• continuous process / process is fast
• many steps in the process
• few steps in the process
• ethanol is impure / may contain water
• ethanol is pure
• food shortages
• ‘conserves’ food
• need very large areas of (arable) land to grow crops or can only grow
in certain areas / climates
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• destruction of woodland / habitat
• slow growth of crops
• labour intensive
• can accept reverse arguments
4
a conclusion
with a reasoned argument based on valid advantages and disadvantages
there must be at least one advantage and one disadvantage,
however, a matched pair, although only awarded one mark would
allow the conclusion mark to be awarded
1
[9]
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