GROUP MEMBERS.

SAUL CAMPOS
YELENA CAROLINA SUAREZ
JASMINE PEREDO PÉREZ
GUADALUPE CASTRO
LYNETT MOISES
SCHOOLS LUZ MARIEL VARGAS PEREDO

GEOPOLITICS DIRECTORA:MARITZA PÉREZ

MOURNING
SPANISH, TEACHER: XIMENA ALEJANDRA
CHAJTUR TORRES
MANAGEMENT:2023
Brazilian COURSE: 6TOA

ITALIAN
INTRODUCTION:
Geopolitics is a discipline that studies the relationships between political power and the
geographical space. There are several schools and currents of thought in the field of
geopolitics, although there is not a single dominant one. In this essay, the schools will be examined.
Spanish, Brazilian, and Italian geopolitics.
The Spanish geopolitical school developed mainly in the 20th century and had as
main exponents are Julio de la Vega and Luis Diez del Corral. These authors stood out
for its realistic approach, its interest in geography and location and its analysis of the
Spain's international relations in the Mediterranean and Arab context. The school
Spanish geopolitics focused on the study of Spain's international relations and
its importance of geography, geographical location, culture, and history in politics
outside the country.
The Brazilian geopolitical school developed in the 20th century, with its beginnings in the decade
from 1920. Its main exponents are Helio Jaguaribe and Golbery do Couto e Silva. The
Brazilian geopolitical school focused on the analysis of international relations of
Latin America, regional cooperation, and the importance of defense and security
national in Brazil's foreign policy.
To conclude, the Italian Geopolitical School emerged in the early 20th century, at a time of
great political instability and social transformations in Italy and in Europe. The main
exponents of this movement were geographers, politicians, and thinkers who, influenced by the
German and French geopolitics developed their own perspective that sought to explain the
strategic position of Italy in the European and global context.
Lovison-Gavin argued that Italy had a strategic geographical position in the Mediterranean and
that their future depended on control of the seas and their ability to establish alliances with others
European countries.
In the 1930s, the Italian Geopolitical School played a significant role in foreign policy.
of Italy, particularly during the fascist regime of Benito Mussolini. The geopolitical vision of
Italian fascism focused on the conquest of new territories and the expansion of the empire.
Italian colonialism in Africa and in the Mediterranean.

Although the Spanish, Italian, and Brazilian geopolitical schools have their own
distinctive characteristics and approaches, there are some similarities between them:

First of all, the three schools share a concern for geography and
geographic location of their countries in relation to other countries and regions. These schools
they also share a concern for history and culture as important factors
in international relations. Both the Spanish and Italian geopolitical schools are
they focus on the importance of the history and culture of their countries as factors
determinants in its foreign policy, while the Brazilian geopolitical school also
has emphasized the importance of regional cooperation and shared culture in the region
Latin American, and finally these schools have emphasized the importance of safety.
national and defense in foreign policy. Both the Spanish geopolitical school and the
Brazilian have focused on the importance of national security and political defense
the exterior of each country, while the Italian geopolitical school has argued that the
Economics is a determining factor in international relations and foreign policy.
 SPANISH GEOPOLITICAL SCHOOL
La escuela geopolítica española es un enfoque teórico que estudia la relación entre el espacio
geographical and international relations, with a particular focus on the
Spain's role in the world. This school primarily developed
during the 20th century and has several prominent representatives.
One of the main representatives of the Spanish geopolitical school is the
Spanish geographer and politician, Ramiro de Maeztu. In his work "Defense of the
Hispanidad", publicada en 1934, argumenta que España tiene una posición
strategic geographical location that makes it a bridge between Europe and America
Latin, and this gives it a unique geopolitical importance.
Another prominent representative is the Spanish geographer, Demetrio Ramos Pérez.
In his work "Geopolitics of Spain," published in 1954, he analyzes Spain's geographic position in
relationship with Europe, the Mediterranean, and the Atlantic, and argues that Spanish foreign policy
it must be oriented towards consolidating its position as a gateway to the Mediterranean and
as a link with Latin America.
It also highlights the figure of Francisco Villar y Ortiz, who published the work "El poder" in 1959.
"land in Spain," where the geographical position of Spain in relation to the
political, economic, and military conflicts
that are developed in Europe.
Another important representative of the school
Spanish geopolitics is the political scientist,
Spanish historian and university professor.
Pedro Carlos González Cuevas. In his work
"Geopolitics of the 21st Century", published in
2006, analyze Spain's position in the
context of globalization and changes
geopolitical events that are occurring in the
current world.

Spanish geopolitics.
Spanish geopolitics is a field of study that
focuses on geographical location, relationships
international and foreign policy of
Spain. During the 20th century, the country faced
challenges such as the Civil War, the Second World War
World Cup and the democratic transition, which had a
significant impact on its foreign policy and on the
perception of their position in the system
international. Tamames argued that the
geographical position of Spain, as a bridge between
Europe and Africa granted it a strategic position
key in the Mediterranean and in the system
international in general.
Astronomical position.
Spain is located at a latitude of 27a
30'sur. In the peninsula, the southernmost zone is the
from the Point of Europe in Tarifa (Cádiz), located at a
latitude of 36a00” south. The westernmost point is the
Punta de Orchilla, also on the island of Hierro.
located at 18o09 West.

Strategic position.
Spain is located on the Iberian Peninsula, in the
southwest of Europe, and borders Portugal, France, Andorra, Morocco, and the United Kingdom. In addition,
it has two archipelagos, the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands, which are located in the
Mediterranean and the Atlantic, respectively. This geographic position has made Spain a
important meeting point between Europe, Africa, and America,
what has given it a key role in the history of
Mediterranean and Atlantic.
For centuries, Spain has been a center of trade and culture,
and has served as a connection point between Europe and the colonies
Americas. During the time of the conquest and colonization of
America, Spain became a fundamental bridge between
Europe and the New World. The geographic position of Spain in
the Mediterranean has also allowed it to have an important
presence in the region and in North Africa.
Currently, Spain remains a geographical pivot in the geopolitical realm, and its position
strategic allows it to be a bridge between Europe, Africa, and Latin America. Moreover, its role as
being a member of the European Union and NATO grants it a privileged position in the system
international.
Spanish vision.
The Spanish vision regarding geopolitics focuses on its role as an active member of the
European Union, its strategic position in the Mediterranean and its relationship with Latin America, and seeks
promote cooperation and dialogue with other countries and regions to defend their interests
national and promote stability and security in the world.
Conclusion
Spanish geopolitics is a highly relevant topic in international politics. Its location
strategic geographical position in the Mediterranean and its role in the EU and NATO make Spain an actor
key in regional and international politics. Spain's diversified and advanced economy, thus
like its presence in Latin America, also turns it into an important economic player in
the region. In summary, Spanish geopolitics is a topic of great importance for understanding the
current international politics.
 BRAZILIAN GEOPOLITICAL SCHOOL.
The Brazilian Geopolitical School is an academic approach that originated in Brazil in the decade of
1920 and focused on the study of geography and politics to understand Brazil's position in
the world. This school has its roots in the work of
figures like Oliveira Viana and Gilberto Freyre, and has
has been developed by several other thinkers
Brazilians.
One of the most important representatives of the
Brazilian Geopolitical School is the Brazilian professor
Pedro Pinheiro, who has made important
contributions to the geopolitical theory of Brazil and of
Latin America. Pinheiro has emphasized the
importance of the concept of "soft power" in the
geopolitics, which refers to the capacity of a country
to influence others by promoting their
culture, values and economy.
Another important representative of the Brazilian Geopolitical School is Aziz Ab'Saber, a geographer and
ecologist who has studied the relationship between the environment and geopolitics in Brazil and America
Latina. Ab'Saber has argued that the Amazon region of Brazil is a fundamental part of the
geopolitics of the country due to its rich biodiversity and natural resources.

In addition, the Brazilian Geopolitical School has been influenced by other thinkers, such as Paulo
Nogueira Neto, who has studied the relationship between politics and the environment in Brazil, and
Roberto Lobato Corrêa, who has examined the relationship between geography and economy in Brazil and
Latin America.
In general, the Brazilian Geopolitical School has been an important current of thought in the
field of geopolitics and has had a great influence on Brazil's politics and strategy in the
region and in the world.

Brazilian geopolitics
Brazilian geopolitics is a school of thought that
developed in the first half of the 20th century and focused on analysis
of Brazil's international relations, the importance of the
geography and the location of the country in the region and in the world, thus
as the need for a solid and coherent economic policy. The
The main exponents of Brazilian geopolitics were Aziz
Ab'Sáber and Celso Furtado, who highlighted the importance of the
cooperation and regional integration in Latin America and the
importance of the economy in international relations of
Brazil.
Astronomical position: Most of the country is located in the southern hemisphere, between the
parallels 5o16'20" N latitude, and 33o47'30" and 73o59°32' longitude, to the W of the meridian
from Greenwich.
Geographical area: Borders: Brazil shares borders with all South American countries except
with Ecuador and Chile. It borders to the North with Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.
French; to the west, with Peru and Bolivia; to the south, with
Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay; and to the east with the ocean
Atlantic.
Strategic position.
From this perspective, Brazil has the ability to influence
in the political, economic, and security stability in the
region, being the largest and most populated country in America of
Sure, with a diversified economy and a strong presence
diplomatic.
Brazil's strategic position is based on the idea that
Brazil is a bridge between South America and the rest of
world, thanks to its strategic position as a country
Atlantic. From this position, Brazil can interact and negotiate with the countries of the basin of
Atlantic, including the United States, Europe, and Africa.
The strategy of the 'Geographic Pivot of Brazil' also implies greater cooperation and leadership.
in the region, promoting integration and cooperation on security, trade, investment
and development. To this end, Brazil has developed an active foreign policy and diplomacy.
neighborhood, focused on promoting political and economic stability in neighboring countries.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): The Treaty of Tordesillas of June 7, 1494 consists of the
capitulations between the Catholic Monarchs and King John II of Portugal by which a new agreement is established
demarcation line between both crowns, to be drawn from pole to pole, 370 leagues west of the islands
from Cape Verde.
Treaty of San Ildefonso (1777): The Preliminary Treaty of Boundaries of San Ildefonso
they determined in articles III to XIV the borders that would separate the domains of Portugal and
Spain in the southern part of America. With this objective, I aimed to extinguish the secular discord between the
two crowns their vassals, celebrating a perpetual peace.

Limits between Spain and America Portugal: The Treaty of Madrid established that the limit of the
the border between the Spanish and Portuguese domains would be established from the midpoint between the
mouth of the Madeira River and the mouth of the Memoré River, continuing in a straight line until
visualize the margin of the Yavarí river.

Diversity: Brazil is one of the leaders in the list of 18 megadiverse countries in the world. It hosts
between 15% and 20% of the world's biological diversity, with 1,200,000 species of invertebrates,
about 9,000 vertebrates and more than 4,000 plant species.
Brazil among the countries to become a global power.
Brazil is considered a country with the potential to become a world power due to
various factors, including:
Size and population: Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world in terms of territory and has
a population of more than 211 million people, making it the sixth most populous country
of the world. This demographic and territorial base offers a great opportunity for development.
economic and growth.
Natural resources: Brazil is rich in natural resources, including oil, natural gas, iron,
bauxite, gold, timber, and freshwater, among others. This has allowed the development of an important
extractive industry has driven the economic growth of the country.
Economic diversification: The Brazilian economy is diverse and has a wide variety of
sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, mining, tourism, and services.
This has allowed the country to face economic crises and maintain sustained growth in the
long term.
Political stability: Despite some challenges, Brazil has managed to maintain stability.
relatively solid policy in recent decades. The country has managed to consolidate a democracy
stable and has a solid political and legal system.
Regional leadership potential: Brazil is the largest and most populous country in South America, which
it allows you to exert significant influence in the region. The country has led initiatives for the
regional integration, such as the Southern Common Market (Mercosur), and has sought a more
active in global politics.
Brazil has important competitive advantages in terms of size, natural resources,
diversified economy, political stability, and regional leadership, which gives it great potential
to become a global power in the future. However, challenges still exist and
obstacles to overcome, such as social inequality, poverty, and corruption, that must be
addressed to reach their maximum potential.
Brazilian vision.
The perception of Brazilians about their geopolitics is varied and can depend on various
factors, although in general there is a positive assessment of the country's potential to consolidate
as a regional and global power, and a concern for the challenges it faces in terms of
political, economic, and social.
Conclusion.
Geopolitics and the Brazilian geopolitical school have been fundamental to understanding reality.
political, economic and social situation of Brazil and South America in recent decades. The vision
Brazilian geopolitics has focused on promoting regional integration and stability.
politics, economic growth, and the regional and global leadership of the country.
The Brazilian geopolitical school has been an important contribution to the understanding of the dynamics of
power in the region and in the analysis of the factors that influence political decision-making and
strategic in Brazil. Furthermore, it has allowed for the development of a critical and proactive approach to
the challenges that the country and the region face in their process of consolidation and growth.
In this sense, geopolitics and the Brazilian geopolitical school have become tools
indispensable for public policy design, strategic decision-making and analysis
from the geopolitical and geostrategic reality in South America and the world. It is necessary to continue
deepening in the study and analysis of Brazilian geopolitics to better understand the challenges and
opportunities that arise on the path towards Brazil's consolidation as a power
regional and global.
ITALIAN GEOPOLITICAL SCHOOL
The geopolitical school in Italy has its roots in the 19th century and has developed over time.
20th century. The most prominent representatives of this movement have been Giovanni Agnelli, Federico
Chabod, Carlo Jean, Alberto Pollio and Massimo Rocchetti, among others.

The Italian geopolitical school focuses on the analysis of relationships

between the geographical space and political, economic, and military power. Their
representatives have explored the influence of the territory, the climate, the
geography and history in politics and strategy
Giovanni Agnelli is considered one of the fathers of geopolitics.
Italian. He was an entrepreneur and politician who founded Fiat and had a great
influence on the Italian economy. Agnelli maintained that economic power
from a country was directly related to its geographic location.
Federico Chabod was a historian and politician who focused on the analysis of history.
international relations of Italy. Chabod believed that geopolitics should be seen as a
instrument for understanding history and international politics.
Carlo Jean, for his part, was a geographer and strategist who developed the concept of 'living space'.
Jean argued that the control of a specific territory was essential for the survival of a
state, and that access to natural and strategic resources was key to military power and
economic.
Italian geopolitics.
Italian geopolitics refers to the way Italy's geographical position and history
they influence its foreign policy and its role in the world. Italy has been a trading hub and
culture in the Mediterranean and has played an important role in European politics and history
worldwide. Currently, Italy is a key member of the EU and NATO and plays a role
important in the global economy and culture
Astronomical position of Italy.
Its outer limits are: at the latitude between 47onorth of the Italy vein in the central Alps
y 35o29’ south on the island of Lampedusa (Gulf of Gabes). In
length between 6o32' is on Mount Tabor in the Alps
western, and 18o31' is at the Cape of Otranto in the
Apulia.
Strategic position of Italy.
Italy is located in the center of the Mediterranean and has
borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia to the north.
Además, tiene una larga costa que se extiende desde el Mar
Adriatic to the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Ionian Sea, which gives it
access to important trade and transportation routes
maritime. Italy's geographic position allows it to be a
connection point between Europe and Africa, as well as between
the Middle East and the rest of Europe. Moreover, its strategic location makes it a point
important for the security and defense of the region.
Italy also has a privileged position in the cultural and artistic field, as it is the home of
important cities like Rome, Florence, Venice, and Milan, which have been centers of art, culture
and trade for centuries.
Geographic zone.
Italian Republic Area: 302,073 km2Limits: Italy is located in southern Europe,
in the center of the Mediterranean. It forms a peninsula that extends from the Alps to the
near the African coast. It borders France, Switzerland, and Slovenia to the north.
Italian vision.
The perception of geopolitics among Italians can be varied and complex, reflecting the
concerns and expectations of Italian society on issues such as foreign policy, the
economy and security. However, in general, Italians recognize the importance of their
geographical position and its role in the European and global scene.

Conclusion.
Italian geopolitics has been influenced by various factors throughout its history, including
its strategic geographical position in the Mediterranean, its relations with other European countries, its
rich culture and its role in global politics and economy. The Italian geopolitical school has
was influenced by the ideas of important thinkers like Giuseppe Sergi, Filippo Burzio and
Massimo Livi Bacci, who have developed theories about the importance of geography and the
demography in geopolitics.
Currently, the perception of geopolitics among Italians reflects concerns and
expectations of Italian society on issues such as foreign policy, the economy, and security.
Italy is seen as an important player in the European and global arena, but many Italians
they feel that they could play a more active and visible role in the international scene.
 VOCABULARY
1. Claim. -To claim [something that one believes to have the right to], 'to argue in favor of [something or ...
someone] and 'claim authorship [of an action]'.
2. Pivot. - The "pivot area" of world politics is that vast zone of Eurasia that
it is inaccessible to ships, but it was formerly open to nomadic riders, and today it is
about to be covered by a railway network; it has had and still has the conditions of
a mobility of power
3. Diplomacy. - Diplomacy is a profession that consists of fostering relationships between the
States and other international actors, such as international organizations, NGOs or the
multinationals, through negotiation and dialogue.
4. Basin. - A basin is an area where all the waters flow towards the same river, lake, or sea, and to
this kind of basins are called 'watersheds'.
5. Debate. -It raises the criteria for decision-making as it teaches how to present the advantages and
disadvantages of a point of view. As a means to achieve pluralization in terms of ideas.
As an informative/expository medium since as a spectator of a debate one can reach
clarify a lot about the subject discussed or to be debated.

6. Migration. -Migration refers to the changes of residence of people from one place to another.
another, crossing geographical boundaries, for example: from one region to another, from one municipality to another.

7. hemispheres. -1. n. Half of the surface of the terrestrial sphere that results from dividing it by
a great circle, especially the equator or a meridian.