Concrete formulation

bituminous
 Mixture formulation of asphalt

Characteristics of a coating
The figure illustrates the diagram of the relationship between the different components of a
bituminous pavement.
Mmb: Total mass of the mixture.
Mg : Mass of the aggregates in the mix.
Mb: Total mass of bitumen in the mixture.
Mbe: Effective bitumen mass.
MBA: Mass of absorbed bitumen.
Vmb: Gross volume of the compacted mixture.
Vgb: Apparent volume of aggregates (including pores)
VAM: Volume occupied by the space between the aggregates in a compacted asphalt, including
the interstitial voids in the asphalt (Vi) and the effective bitumen volume (Vbe), expressed
as a percentage of the gross volume of the compacted asphalt (Vmb)
Vge: Effective volume of aggregates (solid volume).
Vba: Volume of absorbed bitumen.
Vbe: Effective bitumen volume.
Vi: Total volume occupied by the air trapped between the aggregates coated in a binder
compacted expressed as a percentage of the gross volume of the compacted asphalt mix (Vmb)
 Principles of the Marshall method

Before using a mix, it must meet compliance requirements.

As with concrete, an asphalt mix must be carefully prepared. It must:

Resist deformations or rutting

Resist cracking from fatigue or thermal effects

One of the most commonly used dosing methods in Canada and the United States is the
Marshall method. It applies to all asphalt mixtures prepared and laid.
hot based on bitumen and aggregates not exceeding 28 mm.
At MTQ, this method is no longer used except for analysis and quality control.
on the construction site.

The Marshall method consists of determining the optimal bitumen content of a

known grain size mixture. Test specimens (minimum of 3) of shape
cylindrical with a diameter of 10 cm and an approximate height of 6.3 cm are prepared
with different asphalt contents with materials meeting the requirements of the
paving estimate.
 A- The variation in bitumen content must be done according to the formula:

We will then choose contents that deviate by 0.5% from the average content.
calculated. The variation of 0.5% allows to cover a range of contents of 2.5% which is
sufficient. However, under no circumstances shall the bitumen content be less than the content
minimal data required by the standard.
The total granulometry of an aggregate is equal to 550.

The selected contents for conducting the Marshall test will be: 4.8%, 5.3%, 5.8%, 6.3%, 6.8%.
 B- Manufacturing of test specimens with a height of 63.5±3 mm
For each asphalt content found, it is then necessary to find or measure
six (6) characteristics of the heated and compacted sample (at 60 ºC): stability,
creep, density, volume of voids, volume of voids filled by the
bitumen, film (or sheet) of effective bitumen.

Before submitting the test tubes for testing, they must first be processed.
confection according to the method LC 26-020.

The characteristics of asphalt and aggregates must be known:

Bulk density of aggregates dgb
Density of the asphalt used db,
Pbi Bitumen Content
Mixing and compaction temperature

The Marshall test allows to measure:

the bulk density of the mixture dmb;
the stability of the test specimen in Newtons;
the deformation of the test piece in mm;
the maximum density of the mm mixture
The 'Marshall stability' is equal to the maximum effort recorded.
The "Marshall creep" is the value of the settlement in 1/10 mm of the specimen at
moment of the break.
 Principles of the laboratory method of pavements (LC)

The principle consists of setting the bitumen content and adjusting the voids in the asphalt.
optimizing the particle size of the coatings.
The method is a combination of 2 methods, namely the LCPC method (France) and the
SUPERPAVE method (United States).
The LC formulation method includes two levels of formulation: 1 and 2.

Level 1: Maneuverability at the Rotary Shear Press (PCG).

Level 1 involves determining the proportions of the different components of the coatings for
obtain certain volumetric characteristics based on a compaction energy
specified (number of rotations).

Level 2: Rutting resistance tests.

Level 2 allows for the verification of the performance of the asphalt under heavy loads by
the measurement of resistance to rutting in the laboratory.
The workability of the mixture measured by the rotational shear press (RSP) constitutes the
based on the LC method. The characteristics of the PCG are:
 The Rotating Shear Press (PCG)

The hydrocarbon mixture prepared in the laboratory is placed, expanded, and at the temperature
test (approximately 130°C to 160°C) in a cylindrical mold of 150 mm or 160 mm
diameter. A vertical pressure of 0.6 MPa is applied on the top of the test tube.
At the same time, the test tube is tilted at a small angle of about 1° (external) or 0.82°.
(internal) and subjected to a circular motion. These different actions exert a
compaction by kneading.
We observe the increase in compactness (decrease in the percentage of voids) depending on
of the number of rounds.
The preparation of the coating for compaction must be done in accordance with the standard.
LC26-003. The measurement of height for different levels of rotations allows for
calculate the percentage of voids Vi according to the requirements of the mix to be formulated.

Vi (%): pourcentage de vides interstitiels dans l’enrobé

h(ng): height of the specimen at a given number of rotations (mm)
h(min): height of the specimen at 0% interstitial voids (115 mm)
 Surface preparation for covering

The granular foundation must be sufficiently compacted, stable, and the surface must be free of
water accumulations, without detached aggregates, uniform and resistant to deformations
caused by the passage of trucks carrying the asphalt to the paver.

In general, a compaction rate equivalent to 98% of the reference density.

Modified Proctor (MP) is required for the final layer.

The use of an impregnation binder is recommended to facilitate the achievement of these.

optimal conditions.

A beam deflection test (deflectometer) can be performed by passing a

truck loaded to locate and correct weak areas and validate overall stiffness
from the granular foundation.
 Equipment

Other equipment can

to be used.
 Installation rate

The implementation of continuous spreading allows for uniformity and quality to be achieved.
required for a coating. Two methods may be used to determine the
paving speed of the mixtures is:

A calculation based on the daily production of the coating plant;

A calculation based on the speed of the paver.

First method: according to the daily production of the coating plant

Spreading speed = ( meters/minute )

PC = Production of the available asphalt plant during the entire work shift,
Including the quantities available in the storage silos (tons).
DE = Duration of spreading during the work shift (hours).
É = Thickness of the asphalt to compact (mm).
MV = Density of compacted asphalt (tons/m3).
L = Spreading width of finishers (meters).
The table presents spread rate values obtained with a width
with an application of 3.7 m and a density after compaction of 2.4 tons/m3
 Second method: according to the finishing machine's speed of progress

Livraison = Livraison des enrobés (tonnes/heure)

V = Vitessed’avancementdu finisseur (mètres/minute)
L = Largeurd’épandage(mètre)
E = Thickness of the asphalt to be compacted (mm)
MV = Bulk density of compacted asphalt (tons/m3)
The table presents the values of mixed asphalt tonnage obtained with a width
application of 3.7 m and a compaction density of 2.4 tons/m3.
 Sampling
The sampling of a coating aims to:

Check its compliance with standards before use.

Control its quality during the production of the work
Check the quality of the final work

Three sampling methods are generally used:

1-Sampling in the bin of a truck or a finisher: It consists of four

sampling carried out at specific points, using an appropriate instrument. The choice of
the truck is made randomly.

2-Sampling on the road before compaction: the sample is taken from a

plaque placed on the surface to be covered before the finisher passes. The choice of
the place is determined randomly.

3-Road sampling after compaction: It is performed using a

sampling method that allows to preserve the coating portion intact
collected. The choice of location is determined randomly.

The mass of the samples must be at least double the required mass indicated in the
table for conventional tests.
 Transverse and longitudinal joints

A- Longitudinal joints
 Issue

Low compactness on the joint

Segregation (temperature and/or aggregates)
Leads to coating defects
Longitudinal fissures
Accelerated aging
Tearing
Water damage
Defective joint

Solution
The number of longitudinal joints must be kept to a minimum during the planning of implementation.
paved works, especially for the surface layer. Here are the recommendations to follow:

Maximize the movement of the finishers to limit the number of joints and joints out of
wheel tracks
Proper use of pavers to ensure adequate placement of the asphalt.
on the edges of the strips
Use of an appropriate technique to ensure good bonding between two strips
(hot to cold)
Use an appropriate compacting method
Full-width finisher
Finisher in steps
Overlap of bands 25-50 mm during installation
The edges of the bands must be as straight as possible.
Often, the joints degrade quickly because the adhesion is poor.
Infrared heating?
Mounting link (Recommended)

Compaction on the hot strip (vibration mode) at 150mm from the joint.
Second pass on the hot band (vibration mode) overlapping 150mm on
the cold band
 B- Transversal joints

There are three types of transverse joints:

the commencement of work joints;

•les jointsd’arrêtde travaux correspondant au joint de fin de journée ou causé par un
extended stoppage of the finisher;
the finishing joints.
The maximum allowable slope depends on the speed of the vehicles and varies from 0.3% for the
road traffic up to 0.6% for urban traffic.
When creating a starting joint, the adjuster must:
heat the table
feed the distribution chamber and wait a few minutes to warm the strip
cold
adjust the angle of incidence of the finisher table corresponding to the thickness to be spread;
advance the finisher by checking the thickness of the asphalt.
 Compaction phases

The aims of the compaction of a coating are:

to densify the material to the optimal percentage of voids in order to obtain the whole
desired mechanical properties of the bituminous mixture and to ensure its durability
coating
to seal the surface by making it uniform in order to ensure a good bond with characteristics
adhesion compatible with the safety of road users.
When a hot mix is compacted correctly, the bitumen and the
fine fraction of the mixture forms a matrix in which the large aggregates are
maintained.

For a traditional asphalt, proper compaction is reflected by:

a tightening of the granular matrix so that there is contact between the

aggregates
a void percentage of about 5%, making the mixture both stable and more
impermeable to air and water.

There are fundamentally two types of rollers: static rollers and rollers
dynamic or vibrant.
Static rollers
 Vertical vibrating rollers

The vertical vibrating rollers with one or two steel cylinders are equipped with
rotating masses inside cylinders. These moving masses transmit a
vibrations to the cylinders, thereby producing a dynamic force which, added to the mass
of the device, increases the compaction capacity.
Inadequate compaction is often the result of a poor working method. A
A well-designed method or sequence of rolling ensures proper compaction and
uniform.

Before proceeding with the rolling, and regardless of the type of roller, it is important to go there.
step by step:

Determine the number of passes required to completely cover the surface of the
coating.

2. Establish the number of times this first step must be repeated.

3. Make sure that the mixture is rolled at a suitable temperature.

4. Set the speed of the roller.

In order to determine the number of passes required to fully compact the surface
of the coating, the ratio is calculated between the width of the roll (taking into account a
necessary overlap of 150 mm) and the full width of the coating.

Thus, the width of the covering divided by the width of the roll minus 150 mm gives
the number of passes.

It is important to carry out the initial rolling across the entire width of the surface as soon as
The asphalt is spread before it has time to cool down.

The rolling begins from the lowest side of the roadway. At this point, the roller must
do not extend more than 50 mm beyond the outer edge of the coating.

The number of additional passes required to achieve the required degree of compactness is then
Established. To do this, the use of a nucle densimeter is essential.
It is estimated in practice that a compaction time period of less than 10 minutes is
insufficient to achieve the objectives of compactness and a minimum period of
A 20-minute compaction is realistic and desirable. The limit periods for compaction.
Bituminous mixtures have been established using the MultiCool4 software considering
an asphalt temperature at delivery of 160ºC assuming that the
the surface temperature is equal to that of the air.
Traffic should be allowed only when the temperature of the mass of
the coating is below 45°C. A higher temperature can lead to the formation
creep cracks or post-compaction caused by heavy vehicles.
 The factors influencing compaction

Formulation :
Aggregate size
Bitumen content
Type of asphalt (polymers, etc.)
Shape and angularity of aggregates
Thickness ratio and size of aggregates
Temperature
Ambient (wind, sun, etc.)
Temperature of the delivered coating

What to do if the compaction is not achieved?

more passes
2. Increase the amplitude (vibration mode)
3. Increase the tire pressure
4. Increase the number of workshops
5. Bring the rollers closer to the finisher
6. Reduce the speed of the rollers
Example of Formulation of a
bituminous concrete
 Characteristics of bitumen

To determine the class of the lianthydrocarbon, the penetrability test was conducted.
Test temperature: 25°C;
Penetration time: 5 seconds;
Load on the needle: 100 grams.
Results obtained at 1/10mm:
First measure = 45
Second measure = 46
Third measure = 46

Determine the class of the bitumen and then interpret it

 Characteristics of aggregates
The different classes used are:
AFNOR sieve cumulative passer-by rate
Basalt 0/3 ; Opening in mm 0/3 3/8 8/16
Basalt 3/8 ; 20 100
Basalte 8/16. 16 98.5
The filler has also been used to improve the mixture. 10 100 34.1
The physical and mechanical characteristics of these aggregates are 8 91.5 3.0
listed in the following table: 6.3 66.4 1.5
4 100 26.3
3.15 920 2.8
2 74.2 1.5
1.25 57.0
0.425 29.9
0.16 17.6
0.08 12.6
Flattening - 18.7 10.8
Specific weight 2.83 2.87 2.85
Water absorption 1.44 0.52 0.19
Equivalent of sand 77 - -
Los Angeles - - 8.2
Micro-Deval water - - 3.8
 Formulation Methodology

Study on granular mixing

The grain size range 0/16 used is shown in the table below

Study Band Cumulative Percentage

Sieve opening
passersby
AFNOR Min Max
(practical mix)
16 mm 100 100 100
14 mm 94 100 91.5
10 mm 72 84 78.93
6.3 mm 50 66 61.8
2.0 mm 28 40 36.7
0.2 mm 9 14 11.5
0.08 mm 7 10 8.56
Each granular class is assigned a percentage so that the resulting curve
fits best into the obtained granular bandwidth.
The results are satisfactory, we have thus:
46% basalt 0/3;
20% of basalt 3/8;
32% of basalt 8/16;
2% filler.
The specific weight of the granular mixture is given by the following formula:

P1 P P2
PS 3
P1 P2 P3
 
PS1 PS2 PS3

Ps = specific weight of the granular mixture

P1= pourcentage 0/3
P2= percentage 3/8
P3= pourcentage 8/16
Ps1= poids spécifique 0/3
Ps2= specific weight 3/8
Ps3= specific weight 8/16

With the percentages and specific weights below,

46% basalt 0/3; p = 2.83
20% basalt 3/8; p = 2.87
32% of basalt 8/16; p = 2.85
2% filler.
Calculate the specific weight of the granular mixture.
The specific surface area of the mixture is given by the following formula:

0.25G 2,3S 12s 135f

Σ = specific surface
G = percentage of elements greater than 6.3 mm
S = percentage of elements between 0.315 and 6.3 mm
s = percentage of elements ranging between 0.08 and 0.315 mm
f = percentage of elements less than 0.08 mm
.
Determine the specific surface

G Elements larger than 6.3 mm in % 0.6

s Elements ranging from 0.315 to 6.3 mm in % 0.3
f Elements less than 0.008mm in % 0.1
S Elements ranging from 0.315 to 0.08 mm in % 0.27
 Study on bituminous mixtures

The specifications required for asphalt concrete are summarized in the table below.

Specifications Required values

Number of hits per face 50
Marshall Stability (Kg) ≥1000 kg
VMG–percentage of granular mixture (%) ≥ 14 %
Percentage of Marshall voids (%) 5 to 2 %
creep (mm) < 4 mm
Stabilité Duriez (MPa) ≥ 6 MPa
Immersion/compression ratio ≥ 0.75
Percentage of Duriez voids (%) 8 to 5%
Wealth module (k) ≥ 3.2
The bitumen contents are determined from the wealth modulus, the specific surface.
and a correction coefficient (α) of the specific weight of the aggregates. It is given by the
following formula

TL k 5

binder content
k = wealth module
S = specific surface
α = correction coefficient = 2.65/Ps

For different values of (k), from 3; 3.1; 3.2; 3.3 and 3.4; calculate the contents
in binders:
Compactness The most important characteristic of a Bituminous Mixture
M.V.A
Compactness (%) = x 100
M.V.R

M.V.A. M.V.R.
(measured) (calculated)
►MasseVolumique Réelle:
Mass (aggregates + bitumen)
M.V.R. coated
Volume (aggregates + bitumen)

% Gi= % of granular fraction i

ridensity of i

Expressed in g/cm3(kg/dm3)(T/m3)

Apparent Density:
Mass of a coated sample
[Link]é =
Volume of the coated sample

Measured sample volume: By geometric method⇒MVa

By hydrostatic method⇒MVA

% of video v: =100 - C %
Example: ⇒ Example: a mixture with 5% bitumen (density 1.03T/m3)
curve: 40% 0/2 (2.75T/m3)
15% 2/6 (2.73T/m3)
45% 6/10 (2.70T/m3)
1 - For a mass of 100 kg of the mixture and a volume of 41.56 dm3calculate the mass
real volumetric asphalt

2–for a carrot of this coating, taken from the roadway, weighs 2,349 g for a volume of 1,010.
cm3calculate the apparent bulk density.
3-Deduce the compactness and the percentage of voids

56
 Granite 0/3 46%
Granite 3/8 20%
Granite 8/16 32%
Composition
Filler 2%
Bitumen 35/50 4.9%
Wealth module 3.2
Theoretical density of the bituminous mixture 2.63
Marshall stability (kg) 1980
Fluage (mm) 3.9
Marshall Essay
Apparent density 2.55
Compactness (%) 97
% you see 3%
Rc at 7 days, 18°C in the air (MPa) 7,31
R'c at 7 days, 18°c in the water (MPa) 6,32
Imm (R’c) / comp (Rc) 0.86
Duriez Trial
Apparent density 2.43
Compactness (%) 92.9
% you see 7.1
Static test on hydrocarbon mixtures - MARSHALL test
NF P 98-251
Prepared in a laboratory mixer or taken on-site, the coating
used for the making of compacted cylindrical test tubes according to a
dynamic mode (analogous to Proctor, with a Marshall lady at
reason for 50 strokes per face.
The test tubes are then brought to a temperature of 60°C and
are housed between two jaws and then crushed diametrically under
a constant speed press.
The 'Marshall stability' is equal to the maximum effort recorded and the
"Marshall creeping" is the value of the subsidence in 1/10 mm of
the test tube at the moment of rupture. The French product standards
the asphalt mixtures do not provide specifications for the Marshall test.