EXERCISE 1: A lossless line with characteristic impedance = 75Ωmeasures 2.

2 longitudes of
wave at a certain working frequency. At the end, a load is connected. = 100 + j50Ω. Use the letter
from Smith to find.

a) The input impedance of the line.

b) The voltage reflection coefficient (magnitude and phase) at the load.
c) The impedance seen at the center of the line.
d) The voltage reflection coefficient (magnitude and phase) at the center of the line.

a) To use the Smith chart, the first necessary step is to normalize the impedances and the load,
then it is located at the point shown in the figurez = 1.33 + 0.66j.

Figure 1: Impedance Point of the load

To transfer the normalized load impedance point, a circle of the coefficient must be drawn.
of reflection, whose magnitude is constant. After that, you have to advance over this circle, a distance
equivalent to2.2 Lambdatoward the generator (in the direction of the clock hands); each full turn
is equivalent to0.5 lambdaso you have to make four more laps.0.2 lambda, measurements from the point of the
normalized load impedance.
In this way, you reach the input of the line where the normalized impedance is = 0.778 -
0.524j, and its true value is = 58.3 - 39.3j

Figure 2: Input impedance point.

b) The reflection coefficient at the load is read directly at the load impedance point.
normalized, to estimate its magnitude, take a ruler with a scale in millimeters, and proceed to
next operation (rule of three):
1.0 | Γ|
= ⇒ | Γ| = 0.31
̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
Where is the segment ̅̅̅̅ it is the maximum value of the reflection coefficient and the segment ̅̅̅̅ it is the value
What is desired to be found. The angle can be read by extending the segment. ̅̅̅̅ to the scale where it
show the angle of it.

In this case, a virtual Smith chart has been used and the values are provided directly:Γ =
0.3∠47.48°
c) To read the impedance at the center of the line, one can start from the input impedance and
advance1.1 wavelengthtoward the load (in the opposite direction of the clock hands), or it can also be started
in the load and move1.1 wavelengthtoward the generator (clockwise). The result
it would be the same.
The figures presented below show the two procedures with which
the same answer is reached:
= 1.69 - 0.47j
= 126.86 − 35.69j
Finally, the voltage reflection coefficient at the center of the line is read directly from the
previous graphs:Γ = 0.3∠ − 24.51°
EXERCISE 2: A coaxial cable filled with polyethylene ( = 2.26it
) has a characteristic impedance
of50 ohmsand a length of 50 meters. The cable is used to power a complex load of75 −
j30 Ωat a frequency of600 MHzUsing two different methods (analytically and with the letter of
Smith) calculate:

a) The reflection coefficient at the load (magnitude and phase)

b) The distance in meters between the charge and the first minimum of voltage of the wave
stationary.
c) The value of the VSWR.

Analytical solution:

a. The reflection coefficient can be found at the point where the load is.
−
to meet through the formula:Γ =
+
− 75− 30-50 25− 30 39.0512∠-50.1944°
Γ= +
= 75− 30+50
= 125− 30
= 128.5496∠-13.495°
0.304∠ -36.7°

b. The position of the first voltage minimum is obtained from the equation:
2bz + θ = −π, −3π, −5π … … ..
Where it is the angle of the reflection coefficient at the load and 'z' will be the distance between the
load and the first minimum of the standing wave, therefore:

2βz + θ = -π ⇒ -2βz + θ = -π
The sign change on the left side of the equation is due to the fact that the charge is
find at z=0 and the length of the line is measured towards the negative part of 'z'. Then:
+ + 1 -0.6405
= = = (+)=( + 0.25) λ = 0.199λ
2α 2 ( 2π ⁄ ) 4π 4 4π
Don't forget that the angle of the reflection coefficient is in degrees and must be converted to
radians. Since the distance is requested in meters, it is necessary to calculate in the middle, but before
the wavelength in a vacuum given by: =
3 times 108
= = = 0.5
600x106
0.5
And the wavelength in the medium: = = 0.33
√ √ 2.26
So the distance in meters is equal to:z = 0.199λ = 0.199 * 0.33 = 0.066

c. The voltage relationship of the standing wave, VSWR, is equal to:

1 + Γ| | 1 + 0.304 1.304
= = = = 1.87
1 −Γ| | 1 − 0.304 0.696
Solution with Smith's letter:

a. First, the load is normalized and the point is located on the Smith chart, next
They draw the circle of the reflection coefficient and a straight line that passes through the center of the chart.
and the point of the charge. The straight line extends until it crosses the outer scale where it
read the angle of the reflection coefficient that turns out to be identical to the analytically calculated one.
To check the magnitude, a simple rule of three is applied:

( =0)
1
= | Γ|
 Making the corresponding measurements with a ruler, it is found that:
1.4
| Γ| = 0.304
4.6
Which again agrees with the analytical result.

b. Using Smith's letter, remember that at the points where ( )| is minimal,

| it
1
fulfills the relationship given by the equation = and normalizing = < 1.
That is, at the point of minimum voltage, the normalized impedance of the line is purely
resistive and less than 1. Hence, the point corresponding to that minimum is located
About the circle with a constant reflection coefficient equal to 0.3 that crosses the horizontal axis
(zero reactance) on the left side (where the normalized resistance is less than one). Its
The position is read on the outer scale of the chart and is equal to 0.1985. which considering
small margins of human error, coincides with the value obtained analytically.
EXERCISE 3: A transmission line with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms has a load
equal to R = 25 and L = 8nH, use the simple stub coupling technique to achieve the
coupling between the load and transmission line.

SOLUTION

First, the value of the load impedance must be found, for which it is necessary to obtain
the inductive reactance:

( 9 )( -9 ) 50.265
=ω = 2π = 2π1x10 8x10
So the load impedance is equal to: = 25 + j50.265

And the characteristic impedance: ̂ = 0.5 + j1.0053using Smith's chart, the

characteristic admittance ̂ = 0.396628 - j0.79746.

Next, the distance at which the stub should be placed is calculated, moving towards the
generator from the normalized admittance point, the displacement will be made to the point
where the real part of the admittance equals one. This displacement allows finding two
points shown in the following figures.

Point 1 (first solution): 1= 1 + 1.587846jdistance from the load .

Point 2 (second solution): 2= 1 - 1.587846jdistance of the load .

Finally, the length of the stub is calculated with the Smith chart; in this case, the length must be such
that the imaginary part of the normalized inductance must be eliminated, in the same way it is had
two solutions:

Point 1 (first solution): 11 + 1.587846j - 1.587846jlength of the line .

Point 2 (second solution): 2= 1 − 1.587846j + 1.587846jlength of the line .

To verify the coupling made at the selected frequency, the ADS software is used.
Then create a new Workspace

We choose a directory

Then a schematic file is created:

 From the 'Lumped components' library, place the resistor and inductor that represent the load:

From the library 'Simulation-S_Param', place the icon that allows simulating the circuit using
parameters S; additionally integrate a termination that represents the load.

From the library 'Tlines-Ideal', place two line segments 'TLIN' that will represent the distance to the
which will be placed the stub and its length.
La impedancia de una línea de transmisión en corto circuito es una función imaginaria pura, por lo
both the input reactance is given by the following equation:

=
Where = it is the electrical length of the transmission line expressed in degrees. In ADS the
When using ideal transmission lines, their length must be entered in degrees.

FIRST SOLUTION

Point 1 (first solution): 1= 1 + 1.587846jdistance from the load .

2π
= = (0.29314λ)(360∘ ) = 105.5304∘

Point 1 (first solution): 11 + 1.587846j - 1.587846jlength of the stub .

2π
= = (0.08945λ)(360∘ ) = 32.202∘

SECOND SOLUTION

Point 2 (second solution): 2= 1 − 1.587846jdistance from the load .

2π
= = (0.436343λ)(360∘ = 157.08348 ∘

Point 2 (second solution): 2= 1 − 1.587846j + 1.587846jlength of the line .

2π
= = (0.41055λ)(360∘ 147.798∘