Integral calculation method sheet

1. Integration by parts [Link] of trigonometric functions

b b
f(sin x, cos x)
ˆ u(x)v0 (x)dx= [u(x)v(x)]ba− ˆ u0 (x)v(x)dx.
a a
General method:
2. Antiderivative of rational fractions
x
we pose: t=tan()
The decomposition into simple elements results in the terms: 2
dx dx xdx Then we
ˆ , ˆ , ˆ .
(x−a)n (ax +bx+c)n
2 (ax +bx+c)n
2
2t 1−t2
sinx= , cosx = ,
dx
1 +t2 1 +t2
Terms ´ (x−a)n
2t 2dt
Sin= 1, tanx= and dx=
1−t2 1 + t2
dx
ˆ =ln|x−a|
(x−a) Other variable changes:
The integral of sin(x) and cos(x) is invariant under the change:
Sin >1,
dx 1 1 dexen−x . )tx=
(soc
ˆ = .
(x−a)n 1−n(x−a)n−1 dexenπ−x−→t=sinx.
dexenπ+x−→t=tanx.
dx
TermsIn = ˆ :
e (ax2+bx+c)n
b Type primitives sin(px)cos(qx)dx
´
on posy=x+ while writing
2a We use the relationship:

4ac - b2 1
(ax2+bx+c) = a(y2+ ). sina cosb = (sin(a + b) + sin(a - b))
4a2 2
y and we bring ourselves to: Primitives of the type ´sin(px)sin(qx)dx
We then set
4ac - b2 We use the relation:
q 4a2
1
1 sin(a)sin(b) = (cos(a−b)−cos(a+b))
In = dt. 2
´ (1+t2 )n

(In verify Primitives of the type ´cos(px)cos(qx)dx

We use the relationship:
t
2nIn+1(2n−1)In+ and I1Arctan x. 1
(t2+ 1)n what is cosb = (cos(a+b) + cos(a−b))
2
xdx
Terms ˆ : Shape primitives cosp xsinq xdx
(ax2+bx+c)n ´
on a
petqimpairs
xdx 1 2ax + b b )xt=c
2(so
ˆ = ˆ dx−In . pair and equipair
(ax +bx+c)n
2 2a (ax +bx+c)n
2 2a e t )x=(soc
pimpair and is pair −→t=sinx
Sin= 1,
2ax + b Sipetqsont pairs, we lower the degree with:
ˆ dx=ln|ax2+bx+c|
(ax2+bx+c) 1 - cos(2x) 1 + cos(2x)
sine2 x= , because2 x= ,.
Sine >1, 2 2
2ax + b 1 1 sin2x
ˆ dx= sinx cosx =
(ax +bx+c)n
2 2
1−n(ax +bx+c)n−1 2
 Shape primitives We then use the following results:

dx 1 u
In = uJon = sinen x, dx
n∈N ˆ p k 2-u2 du= 2 2 2
´ cosn x ´ 2 (u pk −u +k Arcsin) k
1 u
ˆ p k 2+u2 du= (u k2+u2 +k2 Argsh)
In Jn 2 p k
npair t=tan(x)y=−x π 1 u
2 ˆ p u2-k2 du=
π x) 2 2 2
nimpairy = -x t = tan(2 2 2 (u pu −k - Argch). k

Primitive of the form

PourJnand we go back to In .
PourInetnimpair, we bring ourselves to Jn . R(x, q ax + b ),
´ cx+d
Primitives of the shape
with rational fraction.
In = tann x dx , n ∈ Z∗ . We ask
´
ax + b
Sin >0et pair t =natx u= r
Sin >0 and odd -→ t=cos2x cx + d
and we have

π b−du2 ad−bc
Without <0,y=−x, we return to the case n>0. x= etdx= 2 udu.
2 cu2-a (with2-a)2
4. Abelian Integrals
Primitive of the form
Primitives of the form
ˆ R(x, ax 2
p +bx+c),
dx
√ ax2 +bx+c , a = 0.
´
with rational fraction.
We write We write
b 4ac - b2 b 4ac−b2
ax2+bx+c=a[(x+ )2+ ] ax2+bx+c=a[(x+ )2+ ].
2a 4a2 2a 4a2
We then use the following results: First, we ask
you u 2 b
ˆ √ =Arcsin
k k= b -4ac ett=x+ .
k 2−u2 4a2 2a
you We then ask
ˆ √ =ln(u+k2+u 2
p ),
k 2+u2
you
ˆ √ =ln|u+u 2-kp2 |. √
Sia >0etk <0−→t=−ksh u
u2-k2 √
Sia >0etk >0−→ t=kch u
Form primitives √
Sia <0etk >0−→t=−ksin u
√ ax2+bx+cdx, a = 0.
´
We write
b 4ac−b2 The house <0etk <0est impossible because then
ax2+bx+c=a[(x+ )2+ ] ax2bx + c is negative.
2a 4a2