Precision measuring instruments

Vernier
The Vernier is an auxiliary scale that slides along
from a main scale for
allow in this readings
exact fractional parts of the
minimum division. To achieve the above, a scale
the vernier is graduated in a number of equal divisions on the
same length as n-1 divisions of the main scale; both
scales are marked in the same direction.

It is an extremely delicate instrument and must be handled with skill.

care, delicacy, with caution not to scratch or bend it (especially, the
depth colisa). Shavings should especially be avoided, as they can
stay among its pieces and cause damage.

Micrometer
The micrometer, which is also
called screw of
Palmer, caliber Palmer or
just palmer, it is ainstrument
of measurementwhose name
deriveetymologicallyof the wordsGreeks"μικρο"
(micro, which means small) and μετρoν (metron, which means measurement). Its
operation is based on ascrewmicrometric that is used to assess the
size of a large objectprecision, in a range of hundredths or
of thousandths ofmillimeter(0.01 mm and 0.001 mm respectively).

To proceed with themeasurementit has two approximate extremes

mutually thanks to a screw of ringend that has in its surroundings of
ascalerecorded, which can incorporate anonioThe maximum length
measurable with the external micrometer is 25 mm normally, although
there are also those from 0 to 30, making it necessary to have a device for
each size range to be measured: 0-25 mm, 25-50 mm, 50-75 mm, etc.

Manometer
The manometer is ameasuring instrumentfor
thepressureof fluids contained in closed containers. If
they distinguish two types of pressure gauges, depending on their use
to measure the pressure of liquids or gases.

Many of the devices used for measurement of

pressures use theatmospheric pressureas a level of
reference and measure the difference between the actual pressure or absolute
and the atmospheric pressure, this value is calledpressure
manometricThese devices are called manometers. y
they operate according to the same principles on which barometers are based
ofmercuryand theaneroid.

Calibrators
The calibrator or process calibrator is used
basically in the measurement, control and technique
regulation for adjustment and verification in
control and instrumentation installations.
calibrator has different magnitudes that must be
attributed to standardized measurement signals. In
PCE has different types of calibrators.
multifunction for different types of signals, such as
it can be a multifunction calibrator for signals
electric, multifunction calibrator for thermal signals, etc. These signals of
measured or regulated magnitudes are referred to as pattern signals, which
our calibrator can provide. They are defined in 0 ... 20 mA, 4 ... 20 mA, 0 ...
10 V and 0.2 ... 1 bar.

What is metal forging

This manufacturing process is used to give
a specific form and certain properties
the metals and alloys to which it applies
through great pressures.
PRESSURE, continuously using
presses. The deformation can be performed by
two different ways: IMPACT, in a way
intermittent using pile hammers. There is
It is worth highlighting that it is a forming process.
of metals in which no chip removal occurs, resulting in a
significant material savings compared to other processes, such as for example the
Machining. The main types of forging that exist are. Free forge is the type
of the oldest industrial forge and is characterized by the fact that the deformation of the metal does not
it is limited (it is free) by its shape or mass.

Tempering of metals
The tempering, a method for heating and
cool metals under conditions
controlled, requires understanding both
of the process as well as its effects on the
materials.

With often, the tempering process

needs oil or vegetable oil, but
it also uses air, high pressure gas,
molten metals and salts, water-soluble aqueous polymers, solutions of
brine or water. What is its purpose? To form a specific microstructure
with a hardness or designated mechanical properties. If done well, the
tempering controls the deformation and any stress field that appears in
the processed alloy, which results in a longer lifespan.

Forge
A forge is a fire used primarily
forforgemetalsIt is generally a piece of furniture ofbricko
stone, covered with grids, on which the fire is revived
passing a horizontal air current through medium
of abellowsmanual or mechanical. It also forge calls to the
blacksmith workshop, which generally has a
these stoves...
The word forge comes from Latin and means 'manufacturing'. 'To forge' is used
as a verb both in the direct sense of forging a metal, and in the figurative sense of
conceive an idea or plan.

Anvil

A and anvil (from Latin incus) is a tool of

blacksmithing. It is made of a solid block of stone or metal that
is used as support for forging metals like iron or
steel. Typically, the weight of a blacksmith's anvil
oscillate between 50 and 200 kg, with anvils of lesser weight,
especially those related to jewelry, goldsmithing, and those intended for sharpening sickles.

In theGreek mythology yRoman mythology it has been imagined

aHephaestuso Volcanostriking on a vital anvil.

Machinery equipment in the metal area

The welding machine
The welding machine is one of the
most used devices or tools
by the human being, this is due to the fact that in
At some point in our lives we have
had to weld some piece. This type of
machines are not of complex manipulation
but you must be careful when using it already
that we are working with an element
very dangerous, the fire; for this we must
necessarily take measures to avoid
any kind of accidents both on our physical being and on the place in
where we are working.

An angle grinder
An angle grinder is a
manual tool powered for
to cut, to grind, and to polish.

An angle grinder can be

to drive with an electric motor, a
gasoline engine or air
compressed. The motor drives a gear head at a right angle to the
which is mounted on agrinding wheelor a thinner cutting disc which
they can be replaced when they wear out.

Screwdrivers
To work correctly with this tool,
the appropriate screwdriver must be chosen according to the type of
screw that you want to tighten or loosen, depending on the
groove of its head (slot, cross, star, etc.)
as well as its size, it should always be used
the largest measure that fits that groove.

Hammers
It is the tool designed for
hit. There are various types, among
those worth mentioning: the one with the ball, the
from the cliff, the one with ears or nails, the

the pot and the hammer

heavy.

The cutting machine

The metal cutting machine of this application is
basically formed by a support on which it is arranged
a platform, where there is an engine that through a system
The pulleys transmit the force to the disc holder spindle. On the
platform, underneath the disk there is a double press that
it is activated by a foot lever in order to
hold the material to be cut.

Use of the lathe

The switches and other machine startup controls are
They must be ensured so that they are not activated.
involuntarily; the involuntary starts
they have produced many accidents.

The gears, drive belts,

lambdas, and even the smooth axes, must
to be protected by covers.

Connect the equipment to electrical panels that have a differential switch and the
corresponding grounding.
All checking, measuring, adjusting operations, etc., must be carried out
with the machine stopped.

Use of the folder

The voice actresses are a
ideal tool for making
folds to the steel sheets.
The machine is built with sturdy steel plate resistant to work.
heavy, the upper body can be adjusted for different types of bends and
sheet gauges. Moreover, these machines are easy to operate and require
very little maintenance.

Among their main advantages, the bending machines have been manufactured to
winding metal sheets with precision and quickly producing cylinders with
minimal flat parts at the initial and final ends. This facilitates welding.
posterior, the stiffness of it and the appearance of the parts, among other things.

Use of the reamer

It is an operation designed to obtain holes of
polished surface and very precise diameter,
through the use of a tool called
screeder

Contrary to popular belief, to ream

exactly shaped holes and correct dimensions
it is not a simple operation. In order to obtain
a correct result, it is essential to know the
characteristics of the various types of reamers available, and thus select
the one that best fits our need.

Safety rules for the metal workshop

 Safety is
a
responsibility
own and a
responsibility
of all
only one
can prevent
injuries
caused
inside the workshop, it is impossible to recreate a risky situation so that the first
Rule is prevention. The main cause of accidents is lack of care.

All the work done in a workshop goes through a process, all the
tools have a way of being used correctly, it is necessary
avoid wanting to take shortcuts to speed up work or save the required effort.

All tools are subject to a wear process due to the

work to which they are subjected. It is necessary before starting to work with them a
review of their status and the conditions in which they are. Review points of
security as worn-out tools, bent, beaten, dull, must be
evaluated.

Machine tools pose a risk to people who are not

familiar with its use. Before using a machine tool, it is necessary to
fully understand its use to prevent accidents.

A machine or tool should not be used for a different process for the
that was designed.

Likewise, when using a machine tool, it is necessary to put it completely

attention to the process that is being developed, leaving a machine unattended
during a process can cause an accident. It is necessary to turn on a
machine only to start a process and turn it off when it finishes.

No adjustments or measurements should be made when a machine is

working, likewise, to remove a piece that is being worked on is
It is necessary to wait until the machine has completely stopped. The people who
do not be part of the work developed on a machine they must
refrain from interrupting the work being carried out in it or from
cause the operator to divert their attention from the work being done
In the event of an accident with any machine tool, they must be turned off.
the machines being worked with and request attention
corresponding to the emergency

Running or playing inside the workshop is not allowed.

Smoking or lighting any fire inside the workshop is not allowed.

Sound equipment such as MP3 players, cell phones, are not allowed.
discman, memories, etc. using these devices distracts attention and use them
using headphones increases the risk of accident as the cables may get caught.
caught in any tools or machinery.

In case of fire, the established procedures must be followed by

civil protection

In the event of an accident inside the workshop that requires evacuation of the
It should be done in an orderly manner heading towards the exits of
emergencies located in advance.