WASTE
Wastes can be considered, as those materials, substances, or by-products which are eliminated or
discarded at the completion of a process and is of no further use.
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Kreith, F. (1999). Handbook of solid waste management.
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WASTE
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MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Solid Waste Management may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of generation,
collection, storage, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in
accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other
environmental considerations.
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Kreith, F. (1999). Handbook of solid waste management.
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TYPES OF WASTE
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WHY MANAGE WASTE?
Conserves resources & energy
Reduces water & air pollution
Saves landfill space
Waste = Food
In nature there is no waste
Cradle to cradle design
Product components are recyclable or biodegradable
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) or Product Stewardship
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Ramachandra, T. V. (2006). Management of municipal solid waste. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).
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FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS
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WASTE COLLECTION
Waste collection does not mean merely the gathering of wastes, and the process includes, as well, the transporting of
wastes to transfer stations and/or disposal sites. Waste collection often proves to be the most costly component of
any waste management system. However, with a proper collection system design and management, we can
significantly reduce the costs.
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WASTE STORAGE
• Waste storage encompasses proper containers to store wastes and efficient transport of wastes without
any spillage to transfer stations/disposal sites.
• The containers may fall under either of the following two categories:
(i) Stationary containers: These are used for contents to be transferred to collection vehicles at the site
of storage.
(ii) Hauled containers: These are used for contents to be directly transferred to a processing plant,
transfer station or disposal site for emptying before being returned to the storage site.
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TRANSFER STATION
Transfer station is a centralized facility, where waste is unloaded from smaller collection vehicles and re-
loaded into large vehicles for transport to a disposal or processing site.
Solid Waste Transfer Stations Offer Several Benefits
• Increased fuel savings.
• Reduced air pollution.
• Minimized traffic congestion.
• Convenient drop-off locations open to the public.
• Improved safety at landfills and waste-to-energy facilities.
• Encourages adequate screening of waste items before disposal.
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WASTE DISPOSAL - KEY ISSUES AND
FEATURES
• Indiscriminate disposal of wastes in many regions is very common, giving rise to such problems as:
• Health hazards (e.g., residents in the vicinity of wastes inhale dust and smoke when the wastes are
burnt; workers and rag pickers come into direct contact with wastes, etc.);
• Pollution due to smoke;
• Pollution from waste leachate and gas;
• Blockage of open drains and sewers.
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Ramachandra, T. V. (2006). Management of municipal solid waste. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).
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INCINERATION FOR MSW
It is used to treat no recyclable and no reusable materials. The purposes of incineration are:
– Making inert any hazard waste residues while minimizing the emission into the air, water and soil.
– Destroying organic contaminants and concentrating inorganic contaminants
– Minimizing the quantity of waste requiring disposal, especially its volume
– Recovering the waste’s heat value by burning as energy resources in combination of heat recovery
and power generation.
– Transforming the residues into usable secondary products-slag to replace raw materials and
resources.
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Ramachandra, T. V. (2006). Management of municipal solid waste. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).
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SANITARY LANDFILL
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BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT
• Biological waste treatment based on the decomposition of organic material by various microorganisms.
• At composting the decomposition occurs with aeration, whereas at fermentation without aeration.
• Biogas: is a gas mixture of 50-75% methane, which is generated by anaerobic, microbial degradation of
organic substrates (anaerobic digestion, fermentation). Besides the valuable component methane, other
constituents are 25-45 carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as traces of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), Nitrogen (N2)
and carbon monoxide (CO). Biogas can be used for electricity and heat generation. The energy content
directly depends on the methane content.
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WASTE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
• In the overall process of waste treatment and disposal, size reduction is implemented ahead of:
– Land filling to provide a more homogeneous product. This may require less cover material and less
frequent covering than that without shredding.
– Recovering materials from the waste stream for recycling.
– Baling the wastes – a process sometimes used ahead of long distance transport of solid wastes –
to achieve a greater density.
– Making the waste a better fuel for incineration waste energy recovery facilities.
– Reducing moisture, i.e., drying and dewatering of wastes. Drying and dewatering operations are
used primarily for incineration systems, with or without energy recovery systems.
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WASTE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES
• Mechanical Separation: Mechanical treatment means the use of different sorting or separation
aggregates to recover single materials for reuse from the waste stream of municipal solid waste. It
includes a lot of different processes like size reduction, classification, separation and compaction.
• Size Reduction: Size reduction is the transfer of objects, in this case waste, into smaller particles. Every
process of size reduction helps to increase the specific surface of the particle.
• Screening: of material is a segregation of various sizes into specific particle size categories. This
process can also called classification. By contrast to screening, separation and sorting involves the
separation of material into components of different types and characteristics.
• Waste can be screened according to particle size and also at the same time separated into different
material characteristics, assuming that the material remain in the same particle size range.
• Separation (Sorting): The process of sorting takes advantages of the individual physical characteristics
of each fraction of the waste. The various kinds of sorting techniques include density, flotation, optical,
magnetic and electrical sorting.
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Image: Fairfax County Solid Waste Management
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
HIERARCHY
SOURCE REDUCTION
Source reduction, also known as waste prevention, refers to the activities that reduce the amount of waste generated
at source as well as activities that involve any change in the design, manufacture, purchase or usage of
materials/products to reduce their volume and/or toxicity, before they become part of the solid waste stream.
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Ramachandra, T. V. (2006). Management of municipal solid waste. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).
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SOURCE REDUCTION AVANTAGES
Main advantages of source reduction are:
• Reduce pollution and energy consumption associated with the manufacture of new materials.
• conservation of natural resources, and
• Extension of valuable landfill space.
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Ramachandra, T. V. (2006). Management of municipal solid waste. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).
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RECYCLING
• Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.
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Ramachandra, T. V. (2006). Management of municipal solid waste. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).
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RECYCLING
• Prevents the emission of many greenhouse gases and water pollutants,
• Saves energy,
• Supplies valuable raw materials to industry,
• Creates jobs,
• Stimulates the development of greener technologies,
• Conserves resources for our children’s future, and
• Reduces the need for new landfills and combustors.
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HAZARDOUS WASTES
Hazardous wastes refer to wastes that may, or tend to, cause adverse health effects on the ecosystem
and human beings.
Identification
• By using either or both of the following criteria, we can identify as to whether or not a waste is
hazardous:
The list provided by government agencies declaring that substance as hazardous.
Characteristics such as ignitibility, corrosivity, reactivity and toxicity of the substance.
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HAZARDOUS WASTES
Waste management is an important component of the environmental policy all over the world. Priority of
hazardous solid waste for environmental protection is formulated on source reduction and reuse,
recycling, treatment, and landfilling
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MEDICAL WASTE
• Biomedical waste comprises human & animal
anatomical waste, treatment apparatus likeneedles,
syringes and other materials used in health care
facilities in the process of treatment and research. This
waste is generated during diagnosis, treatment or
immunisation in hospitals, nursing homes, pathological
laboratories, blood bank, etc.
• Scientific disposal of Biomedical Waste through
segregation, collection and treatment in an
environmentally sound manner minimises the adverse
impact on health workers and on the environment. The
hospitals are required to put in place the mechanisms
for effective disposal either directly or through common
biomedical waste treatment and disposal facilities.
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MEDICAL WASTE
The new bio-medical waste management rules has been notified to efficiently manage the generated biowaste in the
country.
• The ambit of the rules has been expanded to include vaccination camps, blood donation camps, surgical camps, or
any other healthcare activity;
• Pre-treatment of the laboratory waste, microbiological waste, blood samples, and blood bags through disinfection
or sterilization on-site in the manner as prescribed by WHO or NACO;
• Provide training to all its health care workers and immunize all health workers regularly;
• Establish a Bar-Code System for bags or containers containing bio-medical waste for disposal;
• Bio-medical waste has been classified in to 4 categories instead 10 to improve the segregation of waste at source;
• State Government to provide land for setting up common bio-medical waste treatment and disposal facility;
• No occupier shall establish on-site treatment and disposal facility, if a service of `common bio-medical waste
treatment facility is available at a distance of seventy-five kilometer.
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WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
The waste management hierarchy is a
conceptual framework designed to guide
and rank waste management decisions at
both the individual and organizational
levels. It gives top priority to waste
prevention, followed by reuse, recycling,
recovery, and finally disposal.
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INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
Is a holistic, integrated system and process of management aimed at prevention and minimization at source,
managing the impact of waste on the receiving environment and remediating impacted environments. It
integrates waste management for maximum efficiency and minimal impacts and financial costs. It aims at
planning the management of waste in advance in an environmentally responsible way from its generation until its
final disposal.
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INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
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WASTE TO ENERGY
Incineration: Incineration generally entails burning waste to boil water which powers steam generators that
make electric energy and heat to be used in homes, businesses, institutions and industries.
Landfill: Landfills also have landfill gas extraction systems installed to extract the landfill gas. Gas is
pumped out of the landfill using pipes and burnt in a gas engine to generate electricity.
Refuse-derived fuel (RDF): This is the combustible part of raw waste, separated for burning as fuel.
Reduce, reuse, recycle: Recycling saves energy by eliminating the need to make materials from scratch.
Regardless of which product you're producing, it's extremely labor intensive and energy expensive to
extract, transport and refine the natural resources that go into aluminum, plastic, paper and glass.
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MSWM RULES, 2016 (AMENDMENT)
The Government has revamped the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 2000 and
notified the new Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 on April 8, 2016.
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MSWM RULES, 2016 (AMENDMENT)
The salient features of the SWM Rules, 2016 are as under;
• The Rules are now applicable beyond Municipal areas and extend to urban agglomerations, census
towns, notified industrial townships, areas under the control of Indian Railways, airports, airbase, Port
and harbour, defence establishments, special economic zones, State and Central government
organizations, places of pilgrims, religious & historical importance.
• The source segregation of waste has been mandated to channelize the waste to wealth by recovery,
reuse and recycle.
• Responsibilities of Generators have been introduced to segregate waste in to three streams, Wet
(Biodegradable), Dry (Plastic, Paper, metal, wood, etc.) and domestic hazardous wastes (diapers,
napkins, empty containers of cleaning agents, mosquito repellents, etc.) and handover segregated
wastes to authorized rag-pickers or waste collectors or local bodies.
• Integration of waste pickers/ rag pickers and waste dealers/ Kabadiwalas in the formal system should be
done by State Governments, and Self Help Group, or any other group to be formed.
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MSWM RULES, 2016 (AMENDMENT)
The salient features of the SWM Rules, 2016 are as under;
• No person should throw, burn, or bury the solid waste generated by him, on streets, open public spaces
outside his premises, or in the drain, or water bodies.
• Generator will have to pay ‘User Fee’ to waste collector and for ‘Spot Fine’ for Littering and Non-
segregation.
• All hotels and restaurants should segregate biodegradable waste and set up a system of collection or
follow the system of collection set up by local body to ensure that such food waste is utilized for
composting /bio-methanation.
• All industrial units using fuel and located within 100 km from a solid waste based RDF plant shall make
arrangements within six months from the date of notification of these rules to replace at least 5 % of their
fuel requirement by RDF so produced.
• Every street vendor should keep suitable containers for storage of waste generated during the course of
his activity such as food waste, disposable plates, cups, cans, wrappers, coconut shells, leftover food,
vegetables, fruits etc. and deposit such waste at waste storage depot or container or vehicle as notified
by the local authority.
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