INSPIRE COACHING CENTRE

Reproduction : The process new organisms are reproduce by existing

organisms is called reproduction.

• reproduction is necessary for continuous of species in earth .

Male Reproductive System

→ It consists of testis, sperm duct and penis.

→ Testes are involved in the production of male gametes called sperms

• testis also produced male sex hormone called testosterone. .

→ Millions of sperms are produced by the testes.

→ Each sperm consists of three parts: Head, middle piece and tail.

Female reproductive system

→ It consists of ovaries, oviduct and uterus.

→ Ovaries produce ova or eggs.

→ A single matured egg is released from ovary into oviduct every month.

→ Baby develops in the uterus.

→ Egg is also single celled like sperm.

Fertilization

→ The process of fusion of male and female gametes (egg and sperm) to form
zygote is known as fertilization.

→ It is of two types:
(i) Internal fertilization
(ii) External fertilization

Internal fertilization

→ In this, the fusion of sperm and egg takes place inside the female's body.

→ It occurs in cows, dogs and humans.

External fertilization

→ In this, the fusion of sperm and egg takes place outside the female's body in
a surrounding medium, generally water.

→ It occurs in frogs, fishes, starfish, etc.

Test tube baby

→ A baby conceived by fertilization that occurs outside the mother’s body is

called test tube baby.

→ Development of the embryo

→ The zygote repeatedly divides to form a ball of cells.

→ The ball of cells then starts differentiating into tissues and organs. At
this stage, it is called embryo.

→ Embryo gets attached to the wall of the uterus and develops various body
parts such as hands and legs.

→ Foetus is a stage of embryo that shows main recognizable feature of

mature organism.

→ Foetus develops for nine months inside the mother’s womb and is finally
delivered.

Fertilization in Humans
→ Fusion of the nucleus of the sperm with the ovum to form a zygote. It
occurs in the fallopian tube of females.

→ Zygote divides to form an embryo.

Embryo is implanted in the uterus.

→ Foetus develops inside the mother’s body for nine months (gestation
period).

Asexual reproduction

→ The type of reproduction which involves only a single parent and the new
individuals are formed without the fusion of gametes is known as asexual
reproduction.
Three common methods of asexual reproduction are:
(i) Budding
(ii) Fission
(iii) Cloning

Budding

→ It involves the formation of new individual from the bulging of the parent
body.
This phenomenon is very common in plants, fungi and animals such as Hydra
and yeast.

Fission

→ Binary fission is the type of asexual reproduction that occurs in Amoeba.

→ It is a type of asexual reproduction in which a single cell divides into two

halves.

Cloning
→ Cloning is the process used to create an exact copy of a cell, tissue or an
organism.

→ Dolly, a sheep was the first mammal to be cloned. It was cloned by Ian
Wilmut and his colleagues in 1996.

Oviparous animals

→ The animals that lay eggs are called oviparous animals.

→ The examples include all kinds of birds, lizards, snakes, and frogs.

Viviparous animals

→ The animals that give birth to young ones are called viviparous animals.

→ The examples include cows, dogs, and humans.

Metamorphosis

→ The biological process of transformation of larva into an adult is known as

metamorphosis.
• The life cycle of frog consists of the following stages:
Egg → Tadpole (larva) → Adult

→ Hormones controlling metamorphosis in frogs

→ Thyroxin (produced by the thyroid gland) initiates the process of a

tadpole’s metamorphosis into an adult frog.

→ In the absence of thyroxin, the tadpole does not transform into an adult and
remains in the tadpole stage.

Life cycle of silkworm

→ Silkworm grows on mulberry trees and feeds on its leaves.

→ During a stage in its life cycle, silkworm spins a cocoon around itself.

→ Silk is obtained from this cocoon.

Hormone responsible for metamorphosis in insects

→ In insects, metamorphosis is controlled by the insect hormones. Some of the
insect hormones are:
(i) Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH)
(ii) Ecdysone
(iii) Juvenile Hormone (JH)

Exercise

1. Explain the importance of reproduction in organisms.

Answer

Reproduction is very important for the organisms.

• The organisms reproduce to produce young ones like them. It helps to carry
on their generation
• . If reproduction does not take place, no living being will survive on the
earth.
• Had the process of reproduction not been there then all the plants and
animals would have become extinct.
• Secondly, special characters of an organism are carried over to its next
generation through reproduction only.

2. Describe the process of fertilization in human beings.

Answer

Fertilization involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete.
• The male and the female gametes are released from the male and the female
reproductive organs.
• Sperms or male gametes are released from the male reproductive organ i.e.,
the penis.
• These sperms then enter the female body through the vagina. Then, they
travel through the fallopian tubes where they meet the eggs.
• Hence, the process of fertilization takes place in the fallopian tubes.
• During fertilization, the haploid nucleus of the sperm and that of the ovum
fuse with each other to form the zygote.
• This zygote divides to form an embryo which in turn develops into a foetus.

3. Choose the most appropriate answer.

(a) Internal fertilization occurs

(i) in female body.
(ii) outside female body.
(iii) in male body.
(iv) outside male body.
► (i) in female body.

(b) A tadpole develops into an adult frog by the process of

(i) fertilization
(ii) metamorphosis
(iii) embedding
(iv) budding
► (ii) metamorphosis

(c) The number of nuclei present in a zygote is

(i) none
(ii) one
(iii) two
(iv) four
► (ii) one

4. Indicate whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F).

(a) Oviparous animals give birth to young ones. ( )

► False

(b) Each sperm is a single cell. ( )

► True

(c) External fertilization takes place in frogs. ( )

► True

(d) A new human individual develops from a cell called gamete. ( )

► Flase

(e) Egg laid after fertilization is made up of a single cell. ( )

► True

(f) Amoeba reproduces by budding. ( )

► False

(g) Fertilization is necessary even in asexual reproduction. ( )

► False

(h) Binary fission is a method of asexual reproduction. ( )

► True

(i) A zygote is formed as a result of fertilization. ( )

► True

(j) An embryo is made up of a single cell. ( )

► False

5. Give two differences between a zygote and a foetus.

Answer

Zygote Foetus
 It is a fertilized egg formed after
the fusion of the sperm with the It is a stage of the embryo that shows all the main
egg. recognizable body parts of a mature organism.

The zygote divides several times to

form an embryo. An embryo gradually develops into a foetus.

6. Define asexual reproduction. Describe two methods of asexual reproduction

in animals.

Answer

Asexual reproduction is that type of reproduction in which only single parent

is involved. Asexual reproduction takes place by different methods like
Budding, Binary fission etc.

→ Budding: This type of reproduction takes place in Hydra and Bacteria. A

part of the organism starts bulging out. Slowly it grows and develops into a
separate individual.

→ Binary fission – In this type of reproduction, a single organism gets divided

into two. This type of reproduction takes place in Amoeba.
• The nucleus of the Amoeba gets divided into two followed by division of
their bodies, each part getting one nucleus and developing into a separate
individual.

7. In which female reproductive organ does the embryo get embedded?

Answer

The embryo gets embedded in the wall of the uterus.

8. What is metamorphosis? Give examples.

Answer
The transformation of the larva into adult through drastic changes is called
metamorphosis. Frogs and insects are examples of organisms showing
metamorphosis.

9. Differentiate between internal fertilization and external fertilization.

Answer

Internal fertilization External fertilization

It involves the fusion of the male and the It involves the fusion of the male and the
female gamete inside the female body. female gamete outside the female body.

Chances of the survival of the offspring are Chances of survival of the offspring are
more. Therefore, a small number of eggs less. Therefore, a large number of eggs
are produced. are produced.

Humans, cows, hens are organisms Fish, frog, starfish are organisms
showing internal fertilization. showing external fertilization.

Page No: 111

10. Complete the crossword puzzle using the hints given below.

Across
1. The process of the fusion of the gametes.
6. The type of fertilization in hen.
7. The term used for bulges observed on the sides of the body of Hydra.
8. Eggs are produced here.

Down
2. Sperms are produced in these male reproductive organs.
3. Another term for the fertilized egg.
4. These animals lay eggs.
5. A type of fission in amoeba.